{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T17:28:04Z","timestamp":1786987684839,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,1]],"date-time":"2024-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1727740800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,11]],"date-time":"2024-07-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1720656000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000133","name":"Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["T32HS000063"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T32HS000063"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000133","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015235","name":"Supernus Pharmaceuticals","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015235","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006093","name":"Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["COVID-2020C2-10803"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["COVID-2020C2-10803"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006093","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014371","name":"LuMind Research Down Syndrome Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014371","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005337","name":"American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005337","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009655","name":"Sunovion","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009655","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Disability and Health Journal"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T13:05:55Z","timestamp":1717592755000},"page":"101645","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Predictors of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization in group homes for individuals with intellectual and\/or developmental disabilities"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Julie H.","family":"Levison","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vicki","family":"Fung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Donelan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas M.","family":"Oreskovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ronita","family":"Samuels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paula","family":"Silverman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joey","family":"Batson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmed","family":"Fathi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefanie","family":"Gamse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sibyl","family":"Holland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica E.","family":"Becker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kenneth A.","family":"Freedberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa I.","family":"Iezzoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy","family":"Donohue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Viron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carley","family":"Lubarsky","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terina","family":"Keller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean-Louise","family":"Reichman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bettina","family":"Bastien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander C.","family":"Tsai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Hsu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cindy","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Krane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao D.","family":"Trieu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim","family":"Shellenberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Cella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bruce","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Bartels","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian G.","family":"Skotko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib1","series-title":"Optimizing Care Systems for People with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: Proceedings of a Workshop","year":"2022"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1352\/0895-8017(2001)106<0231:POMRAD>2.0.CO;2","article-title":"Prevalence of mental retardation and developmental disabilities: estimates from the 1994\/1995 national health interview survey disability supplements","volume":"106","author":"Larson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Ment Retard AJMR"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018292","article-title":"Prevalence of physical conditions and multimorbidity in a cohort of adults with intellectual disabilities with and without Down syndrome: cross-sectional study","volume":"8","author":"Kinnear","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1111\/jar.12417","article-title":"Early death and causes of death of people with intellectual disabilities: a systematic review","volume":"31","author":"O\u2019Leary","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Appl Res Intellect Disabil JARID"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tripleo.2009.06.027","article-title":"Oral microbial and respiratory status of persons with mental retardation\/intellectual and developmental disability: an observational cohort study","volume":"108","author":"Binkley","year":"2009","journal-title":"Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1111\/jir.12739","article-title":"Mortality of people with intellectual disabilities during the 2017\/2018 influenza epidemic in The Netherlands: potential implications for the COVID\u201019 pandemic","volume":"64","author":"Cuypers","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2021.101174","article-title":"COVID-19 positivity rates, hospitalizations and mortality of adults with and without intellectual and developmental disabilities in Ontario, Canada","volume":"15","author":"Lunsky","year":"2022","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e123","DOI":"10.1192\/bjo.2020.102","article-title":"COVID-19 deaths in people with intellectual disability in the UK and Ireland: descriptive study","volume":"6","author":"Perera","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJPsych Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib9","article-title":"COVID-19 testing, infection rates, and related outcomes in adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD): an application of linked administrative health data to support Ontario\u2019s COVID-19 response","volume":"7","author":"Troke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Popul Data Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib10","unstructured":"COVID-19 Mortality by State. Published February 15, 2023. Accessed April 5, 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/nchs\/pressroom\/sosmap\/covid19_mortality_final\/COVID19.htm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib11","unstructured":"New York Department of Health. COVID-19. Department of Health. Accessed April 5, 2023. https:\/\/coronavirus.health.ny.gov\/home."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib13","unstructured":"Shapiro J. COVID-19 Infections And Deaths Are Higher Among Those With Intellectual Disabilities. NPR. https:\/\/www.npr.org\/2020\/06\/09\/872401607\/covid-19-infections-and-deaths-are-higher-among-those-with-intellectual-disabili. Published June 9, 2020. Accessed April 5, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib14","unstructured":"Pennsylvania Department of Health. Coronavirus in Pennsylvania. Department of Health. Accessed April 5, 2023. https:\/\/www.health.pa.gov\/topics\/disease\/coronavirus\/Pages\/Coronavirus.aspx."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib15","unstructured":"Pennsylvania Department of Human Services. Intellectual Disabilities Services. Department of Human Services. Accessed April 5, 2023. https:\/\/www.dhs.pa.gov:443\/Services\/Disabilities-Aging\/Pages\/Intellectual-Disabilities-Services.aspx."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2020.100942","article-title":"Intellectual and developmental disability and COVID-19 case-fatality trends: TriNetX analysis","volume":"13","author":"Turk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib17","unstructured":"Updated estimates of coronavirus (COVID-19) related deaths by disability status, England - Office for National Statistics. Accessed March 8, 2024. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/birthsdeathsandmarriages\/deaths\/articles\/coronaviruscovid19relateddeathsbydisabilitystatusenglandandwales\/24januaryto20november2020#age-standardised-rates-of-death-involving-covid-19-by-learning-disability-status."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib18","article-title":"The devastating impact of Covid-19 on individuals with intellectual disabilities in the United States","author":"Gleason","year":"2021","journal-title":"NEJM Catal Innov Care Deliv"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamahealthforum.2023.0445","article-title":"Group home staff experiences with work and health in the COVID-19 pandemic in Massachusetts","volume":"4","author":"Donelan","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Health Forum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cct.2022.107053","article-title":"Best practices to reduce COVID-19 in group homes for individuals with serious mental illness and intellectual and developmental disabilities: protocol for a hybrid type 1 effectiveness-implementation cluster randomized trial","volume":"125","author":"Levison","year":"2023","journal-title":"Contemp Clin Trials"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2020.100969","article-title":"COVID-19 outcomes among people with intellectual and developmental disability living in residential group homes in New York State","volume":"13","author":"Landes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2020.101051","article-title":"COVID-19 outcomes among people with intellectual and developmental disability in California: the importance of type of residence and skilled nursing care needs","volume":"14","author":"Landes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Disabil Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib24","unstructured":"Hakim D. \u2018It\u2019s Hit Our Front Door\u2019: Homes for the Disabled See a Surge of Covid-19. N Y Times. https:\/\/www.nytimes.com\/2020\/04\/08\/nyregion\/coronavirus-disabilities-group-homes.html. Published April 8, 2020. Accessed April 5, 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib25","unstructured":"CDC. COVID-19 guidance for direct service providers. Cent. Dise. Contr. Prev. Published September 13, 2021. Accessed April 5, 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/ncbddd\/humandevelopment\/covid-19\/guidance-for-direct-service-providers.html."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1657","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16509","article-title":"Essential long-term care workers commonly hold second jobs and double- or triple-duty caregiving roles","volume":"68","author":"Van Houtven","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib27","series-title":"COVID-19 and Workers at Risk: Examining the Long-Term Care Workforce","author":"True","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"918","DOI":"10.17269\/s41997-022-00674-0","article-title":"Examining the development and utilization of infection control policies to safely support adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities in congregate living settings during COVID-19","volume":"113","author":"Freeman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can J Public Health"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1106","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2020.2224","article-title":"Preventing COVID-19 in assisted living facilities-A balancing act","volume":"180","author":"Jenq","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2022.838544","article-title":"Addressing COVID-19 testing inequities among underserved populations in Massachusetts: a rapid qualitative exploration of health center staff, partner, and resident perceptions","volume":"10","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib32","unstructured":"CDC. COVID by County. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Published August 11, 2022. Accessed April 5, 2023. https:\/\/www.cdc.gov\/coronavirus\/2019-ncov\/your-health\/covid-by-county.html."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3501","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2007.11.004","article-title":"Confidence interval estimating procedures for standardized incidence rates","volume":"52","author":"Ng","year":"2008","journal-title":"Comput Stat Data Anal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1111\/insr.12214","article-title":"A tutorial on multilevel survival analysis: methods, models and applications: multilevel survival analysis","volume":"85","author":"Austin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int Stat Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib35","author":"Therneau"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.7188","article-title":"The median hazard ratio: a useful measure of variance and general contextual effects in multilevel survival analysis: the median hazard ratio","volume":"36","author":"Austin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Stat Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"703","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa815","article-title":"The disproportionate impact of COVID-19 on racial and ethnic minorities in the United States","volume":"72","author":"Tai","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-023-16993-x","article-title":"Understanding covid-19 outcomes among people with intellectual disabilities in England","volume":"23","author":"Sosenko","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Publ Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.37431","article-title":"Factors associated with racial differences in deaths among nursing home residents with COVID-19 infection in the US","volume":"4","author":"Gorges","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2454","DOI":"10.1111\/jgs.16847","article-title":"Racial and ethnic disparities in COVID-19 infections and deaths across U.S. Nursing homes","volume":"68","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Am Geriatr Soc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-022-06015-1","article-title":"Overcrowded housing increases risk for COVID-19 mortality: an ecological study","volume":"15","author":"Varshney","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e80","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-7568(20)30016-7","article-title":"Residential context and COVID-19 mortality among adults aged 70 years and older in Stockholm: a population-based, observational study using individual-level data","volume":"1","author":"Brand\u00e9n","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Healthy Longev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.15957","article-title":"Risk factors associated with mortality among residents with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in long-term care facilities in Ontario, Canada","volume":"3","author":"Fisman","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645_bib44","series-title":"Group Homes for Those with Developmental Disabilities Face A Growing Worker Shortage","year":"2021"}],"container-title":["Disability and Health Journal"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1936657424000761?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1936657424000761?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T08:32:32Z","timestamp":1778833952000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1936657424000761"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1936657424000761"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645","relation":{},"ISSN":["1936-6574"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1936-6574","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Predictors of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization in group homes for individuals with intellectual and\/or developmental disabilities","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Disability and Health Journal","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dhjo.2024.101645","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101645"}}