{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T19:08:36Z","timestamp":1789240116827,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,1]],"date-time":"2021-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1612137600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,24]],"date-time":"2020-12-24T18:33:55Z","timestamp":1608834835000},"page":"108646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Greece. Results of the First National Survey of Morbidity and Risk Factors (EMENO) study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"172","author":[{"given":"Konstantinos","family":"Makrilakis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natasa","family":"Kalpourtzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ioannis","family":"Ioannidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stella","family":"Iraklianou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Athanasios","family":"Raptis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexis","family":"Sotiropoulos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda","family":"Gavana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apostolos","family":"Vantarakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Kantzanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christos","family":"Hadjichristodoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grigoris","family":"Chlouverakis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grigoris","family":"Trypsianis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paraskevi V.","family":"Voulgari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yannis","family":"Alamanos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giota","family":"Touloumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stavros","family":"Liatis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0005","unstructured":"WHO. Global Report on Diabetes. Isbn 2016;978:1\u201388. doi:ISBN 978 92 4 156525 7."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saeedi P, Petersohn I, Salpea P, Malanda B, Karuranga S, Unwin N, et al. Global and regional diabetes prevalence estimates for 2019 and projections for 2030 and 2045: Results from the International Diabetes Federation Diabetes Atlas, 9th edition. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice 2019;157:107843. doi:10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107843"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1186\/s40842-019-0080-0","article-title":"Global epidemiology of prediabetes - present and future perspectives","volume":"5","author":"Hostalek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1370\/afm.577","article-title":"Evidence of nephropathy and peripheral neuropathy in US adults with undiagnosed diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Koopman","year":"2006","journal-title":"Ann Family Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2007.01.019","article-title":"The burden of diabetes and its complications: Trends and implications for intervention","volume":"76","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1962","article-title":"Global economic burden of diabetes in adults: projections from 2015 to 2030","volume":"41","author":"Bommer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1177\/014107680309600705","article-title":"Hidden diabetes in the UK: use of capture-recapture methods to estimate total prevalence of diabetes mellitus in an urban population","volume":"96","author":"Gill","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Royal Soc Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1993.tb02002.x","article-title":"Evidence for an increase in the prevalence of known diabetes in a sample of an urban population in Greece","volume":"10","author":"Katsilambros","year":"1993","journal-title":"Diabetic Med J Br Diabetic Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1093\/fampra\/13.1.18","article-title":"Measuring the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a Greek primary health care district","volume":"13","author":"Lionis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Family Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2005.01731.x","article-title":"The epidemiology of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Greek adults: the ATTICA study","volume":"22","author":"Panagiotakos","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetic Med J Br Diabetic Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0055","first-page":"534","article-title":"Increased prevalence of diabetes mellitus in a rural Greek population","volume":"6","author":"Melidonis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Rural Remote Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2007.09.002","article-title":"Rising prevalence of diabetes among Greek adults: findings from two consecutive surveys in the same target population","volume":"79","author":"Gikas","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.2174\/1874192401610010069","article-title":"Prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors and coronary heart disease in a sample of greek adults: the saronikos study","volume":"10","author":"Gikas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Open Cardiovasc Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-017-4053-x","article-title":"Diet, life-style and cardiovascular morbidity in the rural, free living population of Elafonisos island","volume":"17","author":"Kapelios","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.2009.02692.x","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and obesity in the general adult population of Greece: a door-to-door epidemiological study","volume":"26","author":"Tentolouris","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetic Med J Br Diabetic Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2016.06.018","article-title":"The prevalence and treatment patterns of diabetes in the Greek population based on real-world data from the nation-wide prescription database","volume":"118","author":"Liatis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2010.09.006","article-title":"Validation of the Finnish diabetes risk score (FINDRISC) questionnaire for screening for undiagnosed type 2 diabetes, dysglycaemia and the metabolic syndrome in Greece","volume":"37","author":"Makrilakis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.3899\/jrheum.130675","article-title":"Estimating disease prevalence and incidence using administrative data: Some assembly required","volume":"40","author":"Ward","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Rheumat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1263","DOI":"10.2337\/dc06-0062","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes and impaired fasting glucose in adults in the U.S. population: National Health And Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2002","volume":"29","author":"Cowie","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2015.10029","article-title":"Prevalence of and trends in diabetes among adults in the United States, 1988\u20132012","volume":"314","author":"Menke","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1406","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13008","article-title":"Temporal changes in the prevalence of diagnosed diabetes, undiagnosed diabetes and prediabetes: findings from the German health interview and examination surveys in 1997\u20131999 and 2008\u20132011","volume":"33","author":"Heidemann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetic Med J Br Diabetic Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e10997","DOI":"10.2196\/10997","article-title":"National Survey of Morbidity and Risk Factors (EMENO): Protocol for a Health Examination Survey Representative of the Adult Greek Population","volume":"8","author":"Touloumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"JMIR Res Protoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.08.050955","article-title":"The declaration of helsinki and public health","volume":"86","author":"Williams","year":"2008","journal-title":"Bull World Health Org"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-3-32","article-title":"Epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in Greece: aims, design and baseline characteristics of the ATTICA study","volume":"3","author":"Pitsavos","year":"2003","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus*. Follow-up Report on the Diagnosis of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Care 2003;26:3160\u20137. doi:10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3160.","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.26.11.3160"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1327","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-9033","article-title":"International Expert Committee report on the role of the A1C assay in the diagnosis of diabetes","volume":"32","author":"The International Expert Committee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diabetes mellitus. Report of a WHO Study Group. World Health Organization - Technical Report Series 1985:Tech. Rep. Ser., no. 727. doi:10.7326\/0003-4819-104-4-597_2.","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-104-4-597_2"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 6. Glycemic Targets: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes\u20142020. Diabetes Care 2020;43:S66\u201376. doi:10.2337\/dc20-S006.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1981.10477633","article-title":"The analysis of categorical data from complex sample surveys: chi-squared tests for goodness of fit and independence in two-way tables","volume":"76","author":"Rao","year":"1981","journal-title":"J Am Stat Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S11","DOI":"10.2337\/dc13-S011","article-title":"Standards of medical care in diabetes - 2013","volume":"36","author":"American Diabetes Association","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.2337\/dc17-1838","article-title":"Considerations in epidemiologic definitions of undiagnosed diabetes","volume":"41","author":"Geiss","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.numecd.2017.12.004","article-title":"Prevalence of and secular trends in diagnosed diabetes in Italy: 1980\u20132013","volume":"28","author":"Gnavi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Giampaoli S, Palmieri L, Donfrancesco C, Noce C lo, Pilotto L, Vanuzzo D. Cardiovascular health in Italy. Ten-year surveillance of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors: Osservatorio Epidemiologico Cardiovascolare\/Health Examination Survey 1998\u20132012. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology 2015;22:9\u201337. doi:10.1177\/2047487315589011.","DOI":"10.1177\/2047487315589011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-011-2336-9","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose regulation in Spain: the Di@bet.es study","volume":"55","author":"Soriguer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8603-10-6","article-title":"The burden and treatment of diabetes in France","volume":"10","author":"Chevreul","year":"2014","journal-title":"Globalization Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0180","unstructured":"Koch-Institut R. Incidence and mortality of diabetes mellitus in adults in Germany FOCUS Journal of Health Monitoring FOCUS Prevalence, incidence and mortality of diabetes mellitus in adults in Germany-A review in the framework of the Diabetes Surveillance 2017;2:DOI 10.17886\/RKI-GBE-2017-062. doi:10.17886\/RKI-GBE-2017-062."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-2459","article-title":"Early detection and treatment of type 2 diabetes reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality: a simulation of the results of the anglo-danish-dutch study of intensive treatment in people with screen-detected diabetes in primary care (ADDITION-Europe)","volume":"38","author":"Herman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(16)30321-7","article-title":"Comparative prognostic performance of definitions of prediabetes: a prospective cohort analysis of the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study","volume":"5","author":"Warren","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-014-0659-y","article-title":"Prevalence of prediabetes according to hemoglobin A1c versus fasting plasma glucose criteria in healthy adults","volume":"52","author":"Blum","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2271","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-2258","article-title":"The prevalence of meeting A1C, blood pressure, and LDL goals among people with diabetes, 1988\u20132010","volume":"36","author":"Stark Casagrande","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"41","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0205","first-page":"1615","article-title":"Not performing an OGTT results in significant underdiagnosis of (pre)diabetes in a high risk adult Caucasian population","volume":"2017","author":"Meijnikman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int J Obesity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2387","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.19428","article-title":"Addressing challenges and implications of national surveillance for racial\/ethnic disparities in diabetes","volume":"322","author":"Matsushita","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.03.1611","article-title":"Effect of heterozygous beta thalassemia on HbA1c levels in individuals without diabetes mellitus: a cross sectional study","volume":"494","author":"Tsilingiris","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2184","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0433","article-title":"Screening for diabetes and pre-diabetes with proposed A1C-based diagnostic criteria","volume":"33","author":"Olson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association. 2. Classification and Diagnosis of Diabetes: Standards of Medical Care in Diabetes-2020. Diabetes Care 2020;43:S14\u201331. doi:10.2337\/dc20-S002.","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-S002"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168822720309037?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168822720309037?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,29]],"date-time":"2025-09-29T19:14:05Z","timestamp":1759173245000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168822720309037"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0168822720309037"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-8227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-8227","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Prevalence of diabetes and pre-diabetes in Greece. Results of the First National Survey of Morbidity and Risk Factors (EMENO) study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108646","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"108646"}}