{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T16:20:40Z","timestamp":1788970840205,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004423","name":"World Health Organization","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004423","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","diabetesresearchclinicalpractice.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T23:05:03Z","timestamp":1782774303000},"page":"113385","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Optimal screening practices for diabetic retinopathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review to inform global screening guidance"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"238","author":[{"given":"Louise","family":"Puli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Piona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Mancioppi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Passanisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sallianne","family":"Kavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kim C.","family":"Donaghue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0005","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Diabetic retinopathy screening: a short guide: increase effectiveness, maximize benefits and minimize harm; 2020."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(17)30393-5","article-title":"Global causes of blindness and distance vision impairment 1990\u20132020: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"Flaxman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-015-0026-2","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic macular edema and related vision loss","volume":"2","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eye Vision"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.eye.6701476","article-title":"Epidemiology of diabetic retinopathy and macular oedema: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Williams","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0025","series-title":"World report on vision","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0030","series-title":"Global report on diabetes","author":"Roglic","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.2147\/OPTH.S236637","article-title":"The evolving treatment of diabetic retinopathy","author":"Mansour","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-012-0449-3","article-title":"Pathophysiology and treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"50","author":"Bandello","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13480","article-title":"Update in the epidemiology, risk factors, screening, and treatment of diabetic retinopathy","volume":"12","author":"Lin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Diab Invest"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4666","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10204666","article-title":"Updates on the current treatments for diabetic retinopathy and possibility of future oral therapy","volume":"10","author":"Tomita","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0055","unstructured":"International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes (ISPAD) IDFERI, World Health Organization (Europe) (WHO). Consensus guidelines for the management of insulin-dependent (type I) diabetes mellitus (IDDM) in childhood and adolescence. In: Z. L, editor. London, UK: Freund Publishing House, Ltd; 1995."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"590","DOI":"10.3390\/life11060590","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy in children with type 1 diabetes\u2014occurrence and screening using optical coherence tomography","volume":"11","author":"Wysocka-Mincewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.13444","article-title":"ISPAD Clinical Practice Consensus Guidelines 2022: microvascular and macrovascular complications in children and adolescents with diabetes","volume":"23","author":"Bjornstad","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0070","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Children and adolescents: standards of care in diabetes\u20142024. Diabetes Care 2024;47(Suppl. 1):S263\u2013S79."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.1551","article-title":"Racial\/ethnic disparities and barriers to diabetic retinopathy screening in youths","volume":"139","author":"Thomas","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0080","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management. NICE guideline NG18. London: NICE; 2015."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.28.3.509","article-title":"The case for biennial retinopathy screening in children and adolescents","volume":"28","author":"Maguire","year":"2005","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.13263","article-title":"Four Nations Diabetic Retinopathy Screening Study Group. Risk of diabetic retinopathy at first screen in children at 12 and 13 years of age","volume":"33","author":"Scanlon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2015.07.010","article-title":"Ocular complications in children with diabetes mellitus","volume":"122","author":"Geloneck","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1111\/pedi.12936","article-title":"Screening for retinopathy in children with type 1 diabetes in Denmark","volume":"21","author":"Herskin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2383","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-0071","article-title":"Optimal frequency of retinopathy screening in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: Markov modeling approach based on 30 years of data","volume":"45","author":"Januszewski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-2308","article-title":"Risk factors for retinopathy in type 1 diabetes: the DCCT\/EDIC study","volume":"42","author":"Hainsworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05313-2","article-title":"Safety and cost-effectiveness of individualised screening for diabetic retinopathy: the ISDR open-label, equivalence RCT","volume":"64","author":"Broadbent","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s40942-024-00534-8","article-title":"Present and future screening programs for diabetic retinopathy: a narrative review","volume":"10","author":"Abou Taha","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Retina Vitreous."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Diabetes Control and Complications Trial\/Epidemiology of Diabetes Interventions and Complications Research Group, Nathan DM, Bebu I, Hainsworth D, Klein R, Tamborlane W, et al. Frequency of evidence-based screening for retinopathy in type 1 diabetes. N Engl J Med 2017;376(16):1507\u201316.","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1612836"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/s41433-020-0877-1","article-title":"How is the risk of being diagnosed with referable diabetic retinopathy affected by failure to attend diabetes eye screening appointments?","volume":"35","author":"Virk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eye"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2024\/5893771","article-title":"Rates, risk factors, and progression of diabetic retinopathy in children with type 1 diabetes: a 15-year retrospective study from a regional center in New Zealand","volume":"2024","author":"Winter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Pediatr Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/11795514241275921","article-title":"Prevalence and predictors of diabetic retinopathy, its progression and regression in Indian children and youth with type-1 diabetes","volume":"17","author":"Oza","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(19)30411-5","article-title":"Screening for diabetic retinopathy: new perspectives and challenges","volume":"8","author":"Vujosevic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1159\/000539258","article-title":"Vascular complications in children and young people with type 1 diabetes: a worldwide assessment of diabetologists\u2019 adherence to international recommendations","author":"Piona","year":"2024","journal-title":"Horm Res Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0155","article-title":"The PRISMA 2020 statement: an updated guideline for reporting systematic reviews","volume":"372","author":"Page","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1464-5491.1995.tb00407.x","article-title":"Development and progression of diabetic retinopathy: adolescents at risk","volume":"12","author":"Bonney","year":"1995","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1038\/eye.2016.60","article-title":"Natural history of retinopathy in children and young people with type 1 diabetes","volume":"30","author":"Dhillon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eye"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2016.10.031","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for developing diabetic retinopathy among youths with type 1 or type 2 diabetes throughout the United States","volume":"124","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.20.1.77","article-title":"The effect of prepubertal diabetes duration on diabetes: microvascular complications in early and late adolescence","volume":"20","author":"Donaghue","year":"1997","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0180","first-page":"185","article-title":"Diabetes complication screening in 937 children and adolescents","volume":"12","author":"Donaghue","year":"1999","journal-title":"J PediatrEndocrinol Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(98)70305-1","article-title":"Diabetic retinopathy in pediatric patients with type-1 diabetes: effect of diabetes duration, prepubertal and pubertal onset of diabetes, and metabolic control","volume":"132","author":"Holl","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199309303291401","article-title":"The effect of intensive treatment of diabetes on the development and progression of long-term complications in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"329","year":"1993","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(94)70190-3","article-title":"Effect of intensive diabetes treatment on the development and progression of long-term complications in adolescents with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus","volume":"125","year":"1994","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2007.03.004","article-title":"Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes attending summer camps in France","volume":"33","author":"Massin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0205","first-page":"390","article-title":"Real-world screening for retinopathy in youth with type 1 diabetes using a nonmydriatic fundus camera","volume":"34","author":"Zimmerman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Spectr"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.2337\/dc20-1671","article-title":"The SEE Study: safety, efficacy, and equity of implementing autonomous artificial intelligence for diagnosing diabetic retinopathy in youth","volume":"44","author":"Wolf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/7181383","article-title":"Early diabetic nephropathy and retinopathy in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus attending Sudan Childhood Diabetes Centre","volume":"2020","author":"Ahmed","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Diabetes Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0220","article-title":"Risk factors associated with retinopathy in young people with type 1 diabetes in Bangladesh","volume":"4","author":"Zabeen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocrinol Diabetes Metab."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1161","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2023.5287","article-title":"Social determinants of health and perceived barriers to care in diabetic retinopathy screening","volume":"141","author":"Ravindranath","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-025-04559-0","article-title":"Association between socioeconomic status and diabetic retinopathy in individuals with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"24","author":"Sebastian-Valles","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2368","DOI":"10.2337\/dc11-0102","article-title":"Continued reduction in the prevalence of retinopathy in adolescents with type 1 diabetes: role of insulin therapy and glycemic control","volume":"34","author":"Downie","year":"2011","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2016-014444","article-title":"Population trends in the 10-year incidence and prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the UK: a cohort study in the Clinical Practice Research Datalink 2004\u20132014","volume":"7","author":"Mathur","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMJ Open"}],"container-title":["Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168822726003050?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0168822726003050?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,7]],"date-time":"2026-07-07T21:07:28Z","timestamp":1783458448000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0168822726003050"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":48,"alternative-id":["S0168822726003050"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385","relation":{},"ISSN":["0168-8227"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0168-8227","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Optimal screening practices for diabetic retinopathy in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes: a systematic review to inform global screening guidance","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diabres.2026.113385","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"113385"}}