{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,6]],"date-time":"2026-02-06T06:06:01Z","timestamp":1770357961629,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,1]],"date-time":"2008-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1220227200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,6,13]],"date-time":"2008-06-13T16:06:08Z","timestamp":1213373168000},"page":"34-43","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in Spanish HIV-infected patients in the combined antiretroviral therapy era: prevalence of dihydropteroate synthase mutations and prognostic factors of mortality"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"62","author":[{"given":"M\u00edriam J.","family":"Alvarez-Mart\u00ednez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Asunci\u00f3n","family":"Moreno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Mir\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Eugenia","family":"Valls","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paula V.","family":"Rivas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"de Lazzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Omar","family":"Sued","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natividad","family":"Benito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pere","family":"Domingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Esteban","family":"Ribera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Miguel","family":"Sant\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guillermo","family":"Sirera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ferr\u00e0n","family":"Segura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francesc","family":"Vidal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Francisco","family":"Rodr\u00edguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melchor","family":"Riera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Elisa","family":"Cordero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 Ram\u00f3n","family":"Arribas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maria Teresa","family":"Jim\u00e9nez de Anta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Gatell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Paul E.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"Meshnick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2006.03.010","article-title":"Sensitivity and specificity of nested and real-time PCR in the detection of Pneumocystis jiroveci in clinical specimens","volume":"56","author":"Alvarez-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.01.17100870","article-title":"Reappraisal of aetiology and prognostic factors of severe acute respiratory failure in HIV patients","volume":"17","author":"Alv\u00e9s","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/S1286-4579(00)00284-7","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii mutations associated with sulfa and sulfone prophylaxis failures in immunocompromised patients","volume":"2","author":"Armstrong","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microbes. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0603.000306","article-title":"Genetic variation in Pneumocystis carinii isolates from different geographic regions: implications for transmission","volume":"6","author":"Beard","year":"2000","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1097\/00003246-199906000-00030","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia requiring intensive care management: survival and prognostic study in 110 patients with human immunodeficiency virus","volume":"27","author":"Bedos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-200105010-00006","article-title":"Pulmonary infiltrates in HIV-infected patients in the highly active antiretroviral therapy era in Spain","volume":"27","author":"Benito","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib7","unstructured":"Bolet\u00edn Epidemiol\u00f3gico Semanal (2005) Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo. 13:157\u2013168."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(03)00122-5","article-title":"Mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase gene of Pneumocystis jiroveci isolates from Portuguese patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia","volume":"22","author":"Costa","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000168974.67090.70","article-title":"Severity and outcome of HIV-associated Pneumocystis pneumonia containing Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations","volume":"19","author":"Crothers","year":"2005","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1164\/ajrccm.162.2.9909014","article-title":"Improvements in outcome of acute respiratory failure for patients with human immunodeficiency virus-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"162","author":"Curtis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med."},{"issue":"Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib11","first-page":"S133","article-title":"Contribution of dihydropteroate synthase gene typing for Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis epidemiology","volume":"46","author":"Diop Santos","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2007.01944.x","article-title":"Pneumocystis jirovecii multilocus genotyping profiles in patients from Portugal and Spain","volume":"14","author":"Esteves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"668","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.50.6.668","article-title":"Prognostic factors influencing the outcome in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS","volume":"50","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez","year":"1995","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1347","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(99)03320-6","article-title":"Effects of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of AIDS-associated P carinii pneumonia","volume":"354","author":"Helweg-Larsen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib16","series-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia","first-page":"349","article-title":"Clinical presentation and diagnosis of Pneumocystis pneumonia in HIV-infected patients","author":"Huang","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1192","DOI":"10.1086\/315824","article-title":"Sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis and geographic region predict mutations in the Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene","volume":"182","author":"Huang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199808000-00009","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii mutations associated with sulfa and sulfone prophylaxis failures in AIDS patients","volume":"12","author":"Kazanjian","year":"1998","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1086\/315719","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii mutations are associated with duration of sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis exposure in AIDS patients","volume":"182","author":"Kazanjian","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1684","DOI":"10.1086\/382957","article-title":"Increase in prevalence of Pneumocystis carinii mutations in patients with AIDS and P carinii pneumonia, in the United States and China","volume":"189","author":"Kazanjian","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/175.2.482","article-title":"Dihydropteroate synthase polymorphisms in Pneumocystis carinii","volume":"175","author":"Lane","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1080\/13693780310001615394","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci dihydropteroate synthase genotypes in French patients with pneumocystosis: a 1998\u20132001 prospective study","volume":"41","author":"Latouche","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med. Mycol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1969","DOI":"10.1086\/315148","article-title":"Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase but not dihydrofolate reductase gene mutations correlate with prior trimethoprim\u2013sulfamethoxazole or dapsone use","volume":"180","author":"Ma","year":"1999","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1086\/340220","article-title":"Mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase gene of human-derived Pneumocystis carinii isolates from Italy are infrequent but correlate with prior sulfa prophylaxis.","volume":"185","author":"Ma","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1631","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)77687-X","article-title":"Failure of co-trimoxazole in Pneumocystis carinii infection and mutations in dihydropteroate synthase gene","volume":"351","author":"Mei","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib25","series-title":"Pneumocystis pneumonia","first-page":"631","article-title":"Dihydropteroate synthase and cytochrome B: the problem of emerging resistance","author":"Meshnick","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3979","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.12.3979-3981.2003","article-title":"Genotypes of pneumocystis jiroveci isolates obtained in Harare, Zimbabwe, and London, United Kingdom","volume":"47","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents. Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1136\/thx.2005.055905","article-title":"Improved survival for HIV infected patients with severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is independent of highly active antiretroviral therapy","volume":"61","author":"Miller","year":"2006","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1086\/421778","article-title":"Pneumocystis jiroveci genotypes in the Spanish population","volume":"39","author":"Montes-Cano","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200301030-00010","article-title":"Improved survival with highly active antiretroviral therapy in HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"17","author":"Morris","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0907.020753","article-title":"Sulfa resistance and dihydropteroate synthase mutants in recurrent Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"9","author":"Nahimana","year":"2003","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(01)05705-1","article-title":"Effect of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of P carinii pneumonia in patients with HIV-1: a prospective study","volume":"358","author":"Navin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1086\/374358","article-title":"Incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome-associated opportunistic diseases and the effect of treatment on a cohort of 1115 patients infected in human immunodeficiency virus, 1989\u20131997","volume":"36","author":"San-Andr\u00e9s","year":"2003","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3161","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.9.3161-3164.2000","article-title":"Relationship between mutations in dihydropteroate synthase of Pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis isolates in Japan and resistance to sulphonamide therapy","volume":"38","author":"Takahashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J.\u00a0Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1922","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.95.08111922","article-title":"Aetiology and prognostic factors of patients with AIDS presenting life-threatening acute respiratory failure","volume":"8","author":"Torres","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3180decbe2","article-title":"Genotyping of Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in Italian AIDS patients. Clinical outcome is influenced by dihydropteroate synthase and not by internal transcribed spacer genotype","volume":"45","author":"Valerio","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune. Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-8579(01)00460-5","article-title":"Mutations in dihydropteroate synthase gene of Pneumocystis carinii in HIV patients with Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia","volume":"18","author":"Visconti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1086\/526778","article-title":"Early predictors of mortality from Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients: 1985\u20132006","volume":"46","author":"Walzer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1550-7408.2006.00104.x","article-title":"Absence of dihydropteroate synthase mutations in Pneumocystis jiroveci from Brazilian AIDS patients","volume":"53","author":"Wissmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Eukaryot. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.1086\/424010","article-title":"Prevalence of dihydropteroate synthase mutants in HIV-infected South African children with Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia","volume":"39","author":"Zar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."}],"container-title":["Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0732889308002368?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0732889308002368?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,5,6]],"date-time":"2020-05-06T09:45:39Z","timestamp":1588758339000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0732889308002368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]},"references-count":39,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0732889308002368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.04.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["0732-8893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0732-8893","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2008,9]]}}}