{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T14:31:02Z","timestamp":1788186662954,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,1]],"date-time":"2024-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717200000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,21]],"date-time":"2024-03-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1710979200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001321","name":"National Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001321","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004424","name":"Water Research Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K3\/7150"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K3\/7150"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004424","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006565","name":"University of Johannesburg","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006565","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008976","name":"University of Venda","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008976","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,3,24]],"date-time":"2024-03-24T17:32:32Z","timestamp":1711301552000},"page":"116279","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Multi- and extensively drug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from South African children under 5 years old with diarrhoea"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"109","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7310-4001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lee","family":"Heine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9644-7653","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ntando W.","family":"Alfinete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7448-9759","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natasha","family":"Potgieter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6831-1361","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tobias G.","family":"Barnard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e255","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30045-7","article-title":"Global disability-adjusted life-year estimates of long-term health burden and undernutrition attributable to diarrhoeal diseases in children younger than 5 years","volume":"6","author":"Troeger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71877-8","article-title":"WHO estimates of the causes of death in children","volume":"365","author":"Bryce","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1110897","article-title":"Health care systems in low- and middle-income countries","volume":"370","author":"Mills","year":"2014","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3027","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31593-8","article-title":"Global, regional, and national causes of under-5 mortality in 2000-15: an updated systematic analysis with implications for the sustainable development goals (supplementary appendix)","volume":"388","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0005","unstructured":"United Nations. 2019. Jensen L (Editor). The Sustainable Development Goals Report 2019. United Nations Publications, USA. Available from: https:\/\/unstats.un.org\/sdgs\/report\/2019\/Accessed 7 November 2023."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2365-2","article-title":"Knowledge of antibiotic resistance and antibiotic prescription practices among prescribers in the Brong Ahafo Region of Ghana: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Asante","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Health Serv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E27","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16010027","article-title":"Drivers of irrational use of antibiotics in Europe","volume":"16","author":"Machowska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1086\/605630","article-title":"Hospital and societal costs of antimicrobial-resistant infections in a Chicago Teaching Hospital: implications for antibiotic stewardship","volume":"49","author":"Roberts","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens12020315","article-title":"High burden of co-infection with multiple enteric pathogens in children suffering with diarrhoea from rural and peri-urban communities in South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Potgieter","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0010","article-title":"Diarrheal disease in rural mozambique: burden, risk factors and etiology of diarrheal disease among children aged 0-59 months seeking care at health facilities","volume":"14","author":"Nhampossa","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2022.04.054","article-title":"Molecular characterization of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli isolates from children with diarrhea: a cross-sectional study in four provinces of Mozambique: Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli in Mozambique","volume":"121","author":"Manhique-Coutinho","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.38.5.2001-2004.2000","article-title":"Multiplex PCRs for identification of Escherichia coli virulence genes","volume":"38","author":"Pass","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6235","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph10126235","article-title":"Escherichia coli in Europe: an overview","volume":"10","author":"Allocati","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2016.00641","article-title":"Prevalence of Escherichia coli virulence genes in patients with diarrhoea and a subpopulation of healthy volunteers in Madrid, Spain","volume":"7","author":"Cabal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0015","series-title":"Escherichia coli pathotypes. Evolution, omics, detection and control","first-page":"1","author":"Smith","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2021.11.017","article-title":"Virulence and phylogenetic analysis of enteric pathogenic Escherichia coli isolated from children with diarrhoea in South Africa","volume":"114","author":"Alfinete","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00816","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.816","article-title":"ESBL-production in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from Nigeria","volume":"8","author":"Hertz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiologyopen."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-020-05664-6","article-title":"Prevalence, phylogeny, and antimicrobial resistance of Escherichia coli pathotypes isolated from children less than 5\u2009years old with community acquired- diarrhea in Upper Egypt","volume":"20","author":"Khairy","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)02724-0","article-title":"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis","volume":"399","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0020","series-title":"Total population of South Africa 2019, by province","author":"Galal","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0021","series-title":"M100 performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 28th Edition","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0022","series-title":"EUCAST clinical breakpoint tables v. 8.1","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0023","series-title":"Microbial identification using the bioM\u00e9rieux vitek\u00ae 2 system","author":"Pincus","year":"2018"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0025","series-title":"Recommendations for MIC determination of colistin (polymyxin E) as recommended by the joint CLSI-EUCAST Polymyxin Breakpoints Working Group","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0026","first-page":"1024","article-title":"Comparison of colistin susceptibility testing by VITEK 2 compact and broth microdilution method for carbapenem resistant isolates in a tertiary diagnostic centre","volume":"4","author":"Shaikh","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Clin Nephrol Kidney Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkp498","article-title":"Development of a set of multiplex PCR assays for the detection of genes encoding important beta-lactamases in Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"65","author":"Dallenne","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0028","first-page":"657","article-title":"Susceptible, intermediate, and resistant - the intensity of antibiotic action. [Full Article Available in English]","volume":"105","author":"Rodloff","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4250165","article-title":"pathotyping and antibiotic resistance profiling of escherichia coli isolates from children with acute diarrhea in amatole district municipality of Eastern Cape, South Africa","volume":"2020","author":"Omolajaiye","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed Res Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.7196\/SAMJ.2017.v107i3.12111","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance patterns and beta-lactamase identification in Escherichia coli isolated from young children in rural Limpopo Province, South Africa: The MAL-ED cohort","volume":"107","author":"DeFrancesco","year":"2017","journal-title":"S Afr Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9120850","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli from farm-to-fork in intensive poultry production in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa","volume":"9","author":"McIver","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/ojvr.v89i1.1963","article-title":"Food animals as reservoirs and potential sources of multidrug-resistant diarrheagenic E. coli pathotypes: Focus on intensive pig farming in South Africa","volume":"89","author":"Abdalla","year":"2022","journal-title":"Onderstepoort J Vet Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2022.1000457","article-title":"Antimicrobial use in cattle and poultry production on occurrence of multidrug resistant Escherichia coli. A systematic review with focus on sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"9","author":"Azabo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Vet Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1345","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics12081345","article-title":"Prevalence and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Diarrheagenic Escherichia coli from Fomites in Rural Households in South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Rakhalaru","year":"2023","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1517\/14656566.2014.914172","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant Gram-negative pathogens: current and emerging therapeutic approaches","volume":"15","author":"Karaiskos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"809","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyx076","article-title":"Health and demographic surveillance system (HDSS) in Matlab, Bangladesh","volume":"46","author":"Alam","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1704","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03172-12","article-title":"Increased abundance and transferability of resistance genes after field application of manure from sulfadiazine-treated pigs","volume":"79","author":"Jechalke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microb"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0038","series-title":"Worldwide country situation analysis: response to antimicrobial resistance","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2016.1180668","article-title":"Abusive use of antibiotics in poultry farming in cameroon and the public health implications","volume":"57","author":"Guetiya Wadoum","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br Poult Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(19)30318-4","article-title":"Controversial antibiotic use for crops approved in Florida","volume":"19","author":"Nelson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0041","series-title":"Primary healthcare standard treatment guidelines and essential medicines list","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0042","series-title":"Antibiotic sensitivity chart","author":"McCormack","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0043","series-title":"Primary healthcare standard treatment guidelines and essential medicines list","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2017.09.001","article-title":"New agents for the treatment of infections with gram-negative bacteria: restoring the miracle or false dawn","volume":"23","author":"Wright","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00418-17","article-title":"Multihospital occurrence of pan-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae sequence type 147 with an ISEcp1-directed blaOXA-181 insertion in the mgrB Gene in the United Arab Emirates","volume":"61","author":"Sonnevend","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2016.09.025","article-title":"Antibiotics in late clinical development","volume":"133","author":"Fernandes","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"}],"container-title":["Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0732889324001081?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0732889324001081?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,14]],"date-time":"2026-05-14T10:02:31Z","timestamp":1778752951000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0732889324001081"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S0732889324001081"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279","relation":{},"ISSN":["0732-8893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0732-8893","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Multi- and extensively drug resistant Escherichia coli isolated from South African children under 5 years old with diarrhoea","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2024.116279","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2024 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Inc.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"116279"}}