{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:56:06Z","timestamp":1790657766256,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2027,1,1]],"date-time":"2027-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1798761600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T22:50:11Z","timestamp":1790463011000},"page":"117676","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Beyond efficiency: automation as an embedded decision architecture in clinical microbiology and virology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"117","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7510-6462","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sadia","family":"Farhana","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jannatul","family":"Raisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0001","article-title":"Comparative evaluation of GeneXpert with Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN) stain in samples of suspected tuberculosis cases at a tertiary care teaching hospital in Central India","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5666","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26185666","article-title":"Sample preparation and diagnostic methods for a variety of settings: a comprehensive review","volume":"26","author":"Nichols","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0003","article-title":"Molecular diagnostics in clinical microbiology: advances, applications, and future directions","volume":"114","author":"Asokan","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"336","DOI":"10.52403\/ijrr.20230934","article-title":"Gram Staining: a brief review","volume":"10","author":"Paray","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Res Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0005","first-page":"2025","article-title":"Determined by measuring prolactin concentrations before and after PEG precipitation","volume":"1","author":"Langlea","year":"2025","journal-title":"Given Clin Signi Fi Cance Hyperprolactine- Mia Common Interf it is Vital Validate Methods that Can Differ True Hyperprolactinemia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.807668","article-title":"Total laboratory automation for rapid detection and identification of microorganisms and their antimicrobial resistance profiles","volume":"12","author":"Cherkaoui","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0007","first-page":"1","article-title":"The impact of artificial intelligence on healthcare: a comprehensive review of advancements in diagnostics, treatment, and operational efficiency","volume":"8","author":"Faiyazuddin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Heal Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15222845","article-title":"Advances in point-of-care infectious disease diagnostics: integration of technologies, validation, artificial intelligence, and regulatory oversight","volume":"15","author":"Kardjadj","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0009","first-page":"3","article-title":"Comparison of manual and automated nucleic acid (RNA) extraction methods for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 by qRT-PCR","volume":"15","author":"Dhibika","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0010","first-page":"628","article-title":"Fighting COVID-19: integrated Micro- and nanosystems for viral infection diagnostics","volume":"3","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Matter [Internet]. Elsevier Inc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.3343\/alm.2024.0581","article-title":"Revolutionizing laboratory practices: pioneering trends in total laboratory automation","volume":"45","author":"Nam","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ann Lab Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-025-05200-x","article-title":"Lab efficiency and improvements in the management of bloodstream infections: a before and after study","volume":"44","author":"Paluch","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0013","first-page":"12","article-title":"Conversion of a classical microbiology laboratory to a total automation laboratory enhanced by the application of lean principles","volume":"12","author":"Trigueiro","year":"2024","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr, Am Soc Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3934\/molsci.2026010","article-title":"Application of qPCR testing in clinical diagnostics: a brief review of its history, challenges and perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2026","journal-title":"AIMS Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0015","unstructured":"Date BO. Comparative analysis of high-throughput molecular diagnostic systems in Clinical laboratories : performance, clinical applications, and emerging advances. 2026;."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0016","article-title":"Role of artificial intelligence in automating diagnostic procedures in clinical microbiology laboratories","volume":"10","author":"Singhal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Curr Res Biotechnol [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.11622\/smedj.2019027","article-title":"Comment on: automation and productivity in the clinical laboratory: experience of a tertiary healthcare facility","volume":"60","author":"Joob","year":"2019","journal-title":"Singap Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqae107","article-title":"Potential roles for artificial intelligence in clinical microbiology from improved diagnostic accuracy to solving the staffing crisis","volume":"163","author":"Graf","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2025-0855","article-title":"Total laboratory automation: fit for its intended purposes?","volume":"64","author":"Plebani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Chem Lab Med [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Andaria AJ, Permana A, Lantaka SR, Isworo HS. Laboratory automation and robotics in Indonesia : challenges, workforce transformation, and a roadmap for equitable implementation. 2026;1\u201315.","DOI":"10.3390\/laboratories3030010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oyinkanola LOA, Aremu OA, Fajemiroye JA, Makinde SO. On the physical significance and di-electric response of Castor oil processed in Nigeria as transformer insulating fluid. 2023;VIII:60\u20136. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.51584\/IJRIAS.","DOI":"10.51584\/IJRIAS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2147\/CEOR.S597703","article-title":"Total laboratory automation for microbiology activities: an HTA analysis in an Italian laboratory setting","volume":"Volume 18","author":"Foglia","year":"2026","journal-title":"Clin Outcomes Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0023","first-page":"16","article-title":"Impact on microbiology laboratory turnaround times following process improvements and total laboratory automation","volume":"2","author":"Gonzalez-ortiz","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Exp Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1766429","article-title":"Evolving microbiology laboratories: mastering automated culture-based processes and molecular assays, an institutional experience","volume":"16","author":"Cherkaoui","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1235","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16081235","article-title":"Impact of total laboratory automation on urine culture turnaround time: a comparative study between manual workflow and WASPLabTM","volume":"16","author":"Khalid","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1474","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16101474","article-title":"Total laboratory automation versus manual processing in urine culture inoculation and interpretation: a hospital experience","volume":"16","author":"Alzahrani","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2023.1188684","article-title":"Laboratory automation, informatics, and artificial intelligence: current and future perspectives in clinical microbiology","volume":"13","author":"Mencacci","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/hvab242","article-title":"Current State of laboratory automation in Clinical Microbiology laboratory","volume":"68","author":"Antonios","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1186\/s12911-024-02831-6","article-title":"Implementation of a Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) for microbiology in Timor-Leste: challenges, mitigation strategies, and end-user experiences","volume":"25","author":"Oakley","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Med Inform Decis Mak"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.18203\/2394-6040.ijcmph20233857","article-title":"The impact of laboratory automation on efficiency and accuracy in healthcare settings","volume":"11","author":"Alhammad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Community Med Public Heal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0031","series-title":"Biosens bioelectron X","article-title":"Advances and challenges in digitally connected point-of-care biosensing","author":"Ait Lahcen","year":"2026"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00049-14","article-title":"Clinical microbiology informatics","volume":"27","author":"Rhoads","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00057-19","article-title":"Consolidation of clinical microbiology laboratories and introduction of transformative technologies","volume":"33","author":"Vandenberg","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics16040518","article-title":"Collaborative robotics, mobile platforms, and total laboratory automation in Clinical diagnostics","volume":"16","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2026","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00301-13","article-title":"Automation in clinical microbiology","volume":"51","author":"Bourbeau","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2025.1609142","article-title":"Comprehensive performance evaluation of a high-throughput automated system for pathogen nucleic acid detection in clinical settings","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1808","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14161808","article-title":"Machine learning for patient-based real-time quality control (PBRTQC), analytical and preanalytical error detection in clinical laboratory","volume":"14","author":"Lorde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bej.2022.108713","article-title":"Automated liquid-handling operations for robust, resilient, and efficient bio-based laboratory practices","volume":"188","author":"Torres-Acosta","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biochem Eng J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5092","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms27115092","article-title":"Evolving approaches to bacterial identification: a review of classical and modern techniques","volume":"27","author":"Gajic","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1002\/ila2.70033","article-title":"Application of artificial intelligence in clinical microbiology: from research to practice","volume":"3","author":"Ding","year":"2025","journal-title":"iLABMED"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0041","article-title":"Human-centric automation to intelligent information integration: a mixed-methods framework for industry 5.0 manufacturing","volume":"51","author":"Richardson","year":"2026","journal-title":"J Ind Inf Integr [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-025-03596-3","article-title":"Assessing the robustness of an artificial intelligence segmentation model for quantitative cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging across cardiac phenotypes","volume":"42","author":"Saad","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging, U S;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0043","article-title":"The strategic impacts of Intelligent Automation for knowledge and service work: an interdisciplinary review","volume":"29","author":"Coombs","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Strateg Inf Syst [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0044","series-title":"Biomicrofluidics [Internet]","first-page":"7","article-title":"Inducing self-rotation of cells with natural and artificial melanin in a linearly polarized alternating current electric field","author":"Ouyang","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3390\/microbiolres17050087","article-title":"Rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST): overview of new commercially available automated phenotypic tools for minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination","volume":"17","author":"Piccinini","year":"2026","journal-title":"Microbiol Res (Pavia)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9694354","DOI":"10.1155\/jotm\/9694354","article-title":"A focused review on commercially available automated systems for antibiotic susceptibility testing","volume":"2025","author":"Ghavami","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Trop Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0047","article-title":"Automated standardization and harmonization of laboratory units in large-scale clinical data using open-source R functions","volume":"205","author":"Zayed","year":"2026","journal-title":"Int J Med Inf [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tang M, Wang Z, Zhu H, Ma NL, Yang Z, Tian Y, et al. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in the natural environment : standardization of minimum inhibitory concentration breakpoint. 2026;2:1\u201311.","DOI":"10.48130\/newcontam-0025-0023"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.3904\/kjim.2017.034","article-title":"Harmonization of laboratory results by data adjustment in multicenter clinical trials","volume":"33","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Korean J Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0050","first-page":"30","article-title":"Artificial intelligence in healthcare and medicine: clinical applications, therapeutic advances, and future perspectives","volume":"30","author":"Fahim","year":"2025","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res, BioMed Cent;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics11040511","article-title":"Diagnosis of bloodstream infections: an evolution of technologies towards accurate and rapid identification and antibiotic susceptibility testing","volume":"11","author":"Tjandra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0052","first-page":"i13","article-title":"Evaluating the impact of rapid antimicrobial susceptibility testing for bloodstream infections: a review of actionability, antibiotic use and patient outcome metrics","volume":"79","author":"MacVane","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2021.627513","article-title":"Implementation of automated blood culture with quality assurance in a resource-limited setting","volume":"8","author":"von Laer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0054","series-title":"Advanced techniques in diagnostic microbiology","first-page":"273","article-title":"PCR and its variations","author":"Loeffelholz","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101847","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techsoc.2021.101847","article-title":"Supply chain resilience during the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"68","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Technol Soc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2339","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.40.7.2339-2345.2002","article-title":"Rapid and simple approach for identification of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex isolates by PCR-based genomic deletion analysis","volume":"40","author":"Parsons","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol, U S;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02255-09","article-title":"Identification and genotyping of mycobacterium tuberculosis complex species by use of a SNaPshot minisequencing-based assay","volume":"48","author":"Bouakaze","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol, U S;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0058","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of automated blood culture systems on the management of bloodstream infections: results from a crossover diagnostic clinical trial","volume":"10","author":"Halperin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr, Am Soc Microbiol;"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01927","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01927-25","article-title":"Optimizing blood culture diagnostics through laboratory automation: reducing turnaround time and improving clinical outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fmedt.2022.969203","article-title":"High\u2014Throughput and automated screening for COVID-19","volume":"4","author":"Jonguitud-Borrego","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Med Technol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e350","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciad032","article-title":"The Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the Diagnosis of COVID-19: Antigen Testing (January 2023)","volume":"78","author":"Hayden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2025.116826","article-title":"Automated urine culture system with reduced turnaround time: A prospective real-world evaluation","volume":"112","author":"Porte","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01969-20","article-title":"Benefits derived from full laboratory automation in microbiology: a tale of four laboratories","volume":"59","author":"Culbreath","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01927","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.01927-25","article-title":"Optimizing blood culture diagnostics through laboratory automation: reducing turnaround time and improving clinical outcomes","volume":"13","author":"Qin","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16054","article-title":"Fitness-associated substitutions following failure of direct-acting antivirals assessed by deep sequencing of full-length hepatitis C virus genomes","volume":"52","author":"Fourati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0066","first-page":"1","volume":"4","author":"Rakocz","year":"2021"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020120","article-title":"The impact of rapid molecular diagnostics for influenza on antibiotic stewardship in the emergency department\u2014An observational retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Roth","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0068","article-title":"Rapid detection of similarity in protein structure and function through contact metric distances","volume":"34","author":"Lisewski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res, Engl;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02452-13","article-title":"Rapid whole-genome sequencing for detection and characterization of microorganisms directly from clinical samples","volume":"52","author":"Hasman","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol, U S;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2019.05.021","article-title":"Key questions about the future of laboratory medicine in the next decade of the 21st century: a report from the IFCC-Emerging Technologies Division","volume":"495","author":"Greaves","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Chim Acta [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1084","DOI":"10.1186\/s12909-026-09403-4","article-title":"Developing core competencies to reform medical laboratory scientists\u2019 curricula in Low-Middle-Income Countries (LMIC)","volume":"26","author":"Khan","year":"2026","journal-title":"BMC Med Educ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uyar N. Artificial intelligence in medical laboratories: emerging applications in biochemistry and microbiology: future directions. 2025; https:\/\/doi.org\/10.20944\/preprints202509.2408.v1.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202509.2408.v1"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0073","article-title":"Future of artificial intelligence\u2014Machine learning trends in pathology and medicine","volume":"38","author":"Hanna","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mod Pathol [Internet]"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0074","article-title":"Preanalytical errors in clinical laboratory testing at a glance: source and control measures","volume":"16","author":"Nordin","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0075","first-page":"625","article-title":"Calibration drift among regression and machine learning models for hospital mortality","volume":"2017","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"AMIA Annu Symp proc AMIA Symp"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.21474\/IJAR01\/22485","article-title":"Pre-analytical errors in sample collection and their impact on laboratory results","volume":"13","author":"Raza Jafri","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Adv Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0077","article-title":"Development and optimization of diagnostic assays for infectious diseases","volume":"1","author":"Ciotti","year":"2024","journal-title":"LabMed Discov [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2022.12.003","article-title":"Cross-contamination risk and decontamination during changeover after cell-product processing","volume":"22","author":"Mizuno","year":"2023","journal-title":"Regen Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2026.1771552","article-title":"Total laboratory automation-based monitoring processes: setup and validation of an integrated internal quality control panel","volume":"16","author":"Fischer","year":"2026","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics14131392","article-title":"The impact of laboratory automation on the time to urine microbiological results: a five-year retrospective study","volume":"14","author":"Kritikos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2308","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics15182308","article-title":"The rise of AI-assisted diagnosis: will pathologists Be partners or bystanders?","volume":"15","author":"El-Khoury","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diagnostics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1111\/acps.13649","article-title":"The interplay between mentalization, personality traits and burnout in psychiatry training: results from a large multicenter controlled study","volume":"149","author":"Castellini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr Scand, U S;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1520","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02299-09","article-title":"Replacing reverse line blot hybridization spoligotyping of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex","volume":"48","author":"Honisch","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol, U S;"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2196\/79748","article-title":"Large separable kernel attention-driven multidimensional feature cross-level fusion classification network of knee cartilage injury: algorithm development and validation","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"JMIR Med inform"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0085","first-page":"59","volume":"10","author":"Mora","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics14020134","article-title":"The role of artificial intelligence and machine learning models in antimicrobial stewardship in public health: a narrative review","volume":"14","author":"Pennisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Antibiotics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0087","first-page":"180","volume":"46","author":"Cai","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-018-0538-x","article-title":"Comparison of three real-time PCR assays for the detection of PIK3CA somatic mutations in formalin-fixed paraffin embedded tissues of patients with breast carcinomas","volume":"25","author":"Lambert","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pathol Oncol Res, Switz;"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-023-03637-z","article-title":"Cutting-edge technology and automation in the pathology laboratory","volume":"484","author":"Munari","year":"2024","journal-title":"Virchows Arch"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105263","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2026.105263","article-title":"Pathology in motion: Automation from specimen to report","volume":"222","author":"L\u2019Imperio","year":"2026","journal-title":"Crit Rev Oncol Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115802","DOI":"10.1016\/j.microc.2025.115802","article-title":"Artificial intelligence and machine learning in infectious disease diagnostics: a comprehensive review of applications, challenges, and future directions","volume":"218","author":"Assudani","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microchem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0092","first-page":"S228","article-title":"Automated integrated NGS and qPCR workflow for in vitro diagnostics","volume":"62","author":"Rakhmanaliev","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Chem [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Damarched MK. Journal of Drug Delivery and Therapeutics intelligent workflow automation Systems to enhance nursing efficiency and patient safety article info: 2026;16:198\u2013206.","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v16i2.7554"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens14111135","article-title":"Advancing laboratory diagnostics for future pandemics: challenges and innovations","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2025","journal-title":"Pathogens"}],"container-title":["Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073288932600427X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S073288932600427X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T04:11:29Z","timestamp":1790655089000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S073288932600427X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]}},"alternative-id":["S073288932600427X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676","relation":{},"ISSN":["0732-8893"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0732-8893","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2027,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Beyond efficiency: automation as an embedded decision architecture in clinical microbiology and virology","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2026.117676","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"117676"}}