{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T14:03:46Z","timestamp":1774361026210,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Differentiation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,16]],"date-time":"2018-05-16T23:46:48Z","timestamp":1526514408000},"page":"46-64","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Contrasting mechanisms of penile urethral formation in mouse and human"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"101","author":[{"given":"Ge","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Adriane","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Laurence","family":"Baskin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gerald R.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"722","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.03.110","article-title":"Progesterone receptors in the developing genital tubercle: implications for the endocrine disruptor hypothesis as the etiology of hypospadias","volume":"178","author":"Agras","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1883","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(06)00613-6","article-title":"Ontogeny of androgen receptor and disruption of its mRNA expression by exogenous estrogens during morphogenesis of the genital tubercle","volume":"176","author":"Agras","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2386","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2007.01.111","article-title":"Estrogen receptor-alpha and beta are differentially distributed, expressed and activated in the fetal genital tubercle","volume":"177","author":"Agras","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2016.04.091","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the genital organizer: gene expression profile of the mouse urethral plate epithelium","author":"Armfield","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922816684613","article-title":"What is hypospadias?","volume":"56","author":"Baskin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1007\/s004410000345","article-title":"Urethral seam formation and hypospadias","volume":"305","author":"Baskin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Tissue Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8995-6_7","article-title":"Anatomical studies of the mouse genital tubercle","volume":"545","author":"Baskin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.modgep.2004.08.006","article-title":"Immunohistochemical localization of Foxa1 and Foxa2 in mouse embryos and adult tissues","volume":"5","author":"Besnard","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gene Expr. Patterns: GEP"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22708","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of estrogen\/androgen perturbation on penile development in transgenic and diethylstilbestrol-treated mice","volume":"296","author":"Blaschko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s004290050243","article-title":"Development of the penis and clitoris in the tammar wallaby, Macropus eugenii","volume":"199","author":"Butler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Anat. Embryol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.159.10.957","article-title":"Maternal progestin intake and risk of hypospadias","volume":"159","author":"Carmichael","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib12","series-title":"Gray's Anatomy","year":"1985"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2013.12.003","article-title":"Development of the External Genitalia: perspectives from the Spotted Hyena (Crocuta crocuta)","volume":"87","author":"Cunha","year":"2014","journal-title":"Differ.; Res. Biol. Divers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2015.57","article-title":"Current understanding of hypospadias: relevance of animal models","volume":"12","author":"Cunha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000582","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1000582","article-title":"A high-resolution anatomical atlas of the transcriptome in the mouse embryo","volume":"9","author":"Diez-Roux","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"272","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2004.03.027","article-title":"Bidirectional signaling mediated by ephrin-B2 and EphB2 controls urorectal development","volume":"271","author":"Dravis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000154159.75022.11","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of fetal foot length to confirm gestational duration","volume":"105","author":"Drey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/dvg.20366","article-title":"A Cre transgene active in developing endodermal organs, heart, limb, and extra-ocular muscle","volume":"46","author":"Grieshammer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Genesis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2003.08.018","article-title":"The development of the male genitourinary system: ii. The origin and formation of the urethral plate","volume":"57","author":"Hynes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2003.08.017","article-title":"The development of the male genitourinary system: III. The formation of the spongiose and glandar urethra","volume":"57","author":"Hynes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjps.2003.08.019","article-title":"The development of the male genitourinary system. I. The origin of the urorectal septum and the formation of the perineum","volume":"57","author":"Hynes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Plast. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(03)00085-9","article-title":"Induction of hypospadias in a murine model by maternal exposure to synthetic estrogens","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1053\/j.sempedsurg.2011.03.003","article-title":"Embryology of the distal urethra and external genitals","volume":"20","author":"Kluth","year":"2011","journal-title":"Semin. Pediatr. Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1786","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)67107-8","article-title":"Urethral development in the fetal rabbit and induction of hypospadias: a model for human development","volume":"164","author":"Kurzrock","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.20931","article-title":"Cloning and molecular dissection of the 8.8\u2009kb pig uroplakin II promoter using transgenic mice and RT4 cells","volume":"99","author":"Kwon","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Cell Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.09.108","article-title":"Canalization of the urethral plate precedes fusion of the urethral folds during male penile urethral development: the double zipper hypothesis","volume":"193","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2014.09.004","article-title":"Comparative effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol on external genitalia development in adult males of two mouse strains with differential estrogen sensitivity","volume":"88","author":"Mahawong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Differ.; Res. Biol. Divers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2014.09.005","article-title":"Prenatal diethylstilbestrol induces malformation of the external genitalia of male and female mice and persistent second-generation developmental abnormalities of the external genitalia in two mouse strains","volume":"88","author":"Mahawong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Differ.; Res. Biol. Divers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.1992.tb03774.x","article-title":"Keratohyalin, trichohyalin and keratohyalin-trichohyalin hybrid granules: an overview","volume":"19","author":"Manabe","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(87)90282-1","article-title":"Fetal foot length as a predictor of gestational age","volume":"156","author":"Mercer","year":"1987","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/0020-7292(89)90126-4","article-title":"Fetal foot length--a new parameter for assessment of gestational age","volume":"29","author":"Mhaskar","year":"1989","journal-title":"Int J. Gynaecol. Obstet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1006\/dbio.2002.0668","article-title":"Sonic hedgehog signaling from the urethral epithelium controls external genital development","volume":"247","author":"Perriton","year":"2002","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1242\/dev.01778","article-title":"Development of the mammalian urethra is controlled by Fgfr2-IIIb","volume":"132","author":"Petiot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Development"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2017.08.002","article-title":"New insights insights into human female reproductive tract development","volume":"97","author":"Robboy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2012.07.003","article-title":"Specific morphogenetic events in mouse external genitalia sex differentiation are responsive\/dependent upon androgens and\/or estrogens","volume":"84","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.111.091504","article-title":"New insights on the morphology of adult mouse penis","volume":"85","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2013.02.3198","article-title":"Sexual differentiation in the male and female mouse from days 0 to 21: a detailed and novel morphometric description","volume":"190","author":"Schlomer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ydbio.2008.03.017","article-title":"Cell lineage analysis demonstrates an endodermal origin of the distal urethra and perineum","volume":"318","author":"Seifert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib39","first-page":"319","article-title":"Development of the secondary palate in chick embryo: a light and electron microscopic and histochemical study","volume":"3","author":"Shah","year":"1980","journal-title":"Investig. Cell Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2016.06.003","article-title":"Complex epithelial remodeling underlie the fusion event in early fetal development of the human penile urethra","volume":"92","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Differ.; Res. Biol. Divers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2016.01.004","article-title":"Diethylstilbestrol-induced mouse hypospadias: \"window of susceptibility\"","volume":"91","author":"Sinclair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Differ.; Res. Biol. Divers."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2016.03.004","article-title":"Mouse hypospadias: a critical examination and definition","volume":"92","author":"Sinclair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Differ.; Res. Biol. Divers."},{"issue":"7\u201318","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib43","first-page":"103","article-title":"Uroplakins as markers of urothelial differentiation","volume":"462","author":"Sun","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1604","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.03.079","article-title":"Morphology of mouse external genitalia: implications for a role of estrogen in sexual dimorphism of the mouse genital tubercle","volume":"184","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8995-6_8","article-title":"Anatomical studies of the fibroblast growth factor-10 mutant, Sonic Hedge Hog mutant and androgen receptor mutant mouse genital tubercle","volume":"545","author":"Yucel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."}],"container-title":["Differentiation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301468118300288?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301468118300288?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,30]],"date-time":"2019-01-30T03:43:20Z","timestamp":1548819800000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301468118300288"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["S0301468118300288"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4681","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Contrasting mechanisms of penile urethral formation in mouse and human","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Differentiation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diff.2018.05.001","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 International Society of Differentiation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}