{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:06:32Z","timestamp":1790701592329,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,1,1]],"date-time":"2020-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1577836800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Differentiation"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,6]],"date-time":"2019-09-06T11:24:59Z","timestamp":1567769099000},"page":"41-59","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Androgen and estrogen receptor expression in the developing human penis and clitoris"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"111","author":[{"given":"Laurence","family":"Baskin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mei","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriane","family":"Sinclair","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Overland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dylan","family":"Isaacson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald R.","family":"Cunha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2433","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0712029105","article-title":"Sterility and absence of histopathological defects in nonreproductive organs of a mouse ERbeta-null mutant","volume":"105","author":"Antal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(05)68621-1","article-title":"Fetal genital anatomy reconstructive implications","volume":"162","author":"Baskin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1177\/0009922816684613","article-title":"What is hypospadias?","volume":"56","author":"Baskin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pediatr."},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1108","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)62711-3","article-title":"Anatomical studies of hypospadias","volume":"160","author":"Baskin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"3 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1015","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-5347(01)68052-2","article-title":"Anatomical studies of the human clitoris","volume":"162","author":"Baskin","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.011091175","article-title":"Hypospadias and endocrine disruption: is there a connection?","volume":"109","author":"Baskin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.08.001","article-title":"Development of the human penis and clitoris","volume":"103","author":"Baskin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.20945\/2359-3997000000031","article-title":"Androgen insensitivity syndrome: a review","volume":"62","author":"Batista","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.22708","article-title":"Analysis of the effect of estrogen\/androgen perturbation on penile development in transgenic and diethylstilbestrol-treated mice","volume":"296","author":"Blaschko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"issue":"1\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1016\/0960-0760(91)90200-O","article-title":"Regulation of androgen receptor mRNA and protein in the rat testis by testosterone","volume":"40","author":"Block","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161 e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2016.02.003","article-title":"Correction of congenital penoscrotal webbing in children: a retrospective review of three surgical techniques","volume":"12","author":"Bonitz","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib12","first-page":"255","article-title":"Reversible true precocious puberty secondary to a congenital arachnoid cyst","volume":"142","author":"Clark","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Dis. Child."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib13","first-page":"155","article-title":"Effects of dietary 17 beta-estradiol exposure on serum hormone concentrations and testicular parameters in male Crl:CD BR rats","volume":"44","author":"Cook","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1210\/edrv-8-3-338","article-title":"The endocrinology and developmental biology of the prostate","volume":"8","author":"Cunha","year":"1987","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"271","DOI":"10.1038\/nrurol.2015.57","article-title":"Current understanding of hypospadias: relevance of animal models","volume":"12","author":"Cunha","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.08.005","article-title":"Development of the human prostate","volume":"103","author":"Cunha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib17","article-title":"Androgen-independent events in penile development in humans and animals","author":"Cunha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib18","article-title":"Development of the human prepuce","author":"Cunha","year":"2019","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2017.07.003","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of development of the human fetal female reproductive tract","volume":"97","author":"Cunha GR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Differentiaiton"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib20","article-title":"Response of xenografts of developing human female reproductive tracts to the synthetic estrogen, diethylstilbestrol","author":"Cunha GR","year":"2017","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000154159.75022.11","article-title":"Improving the accuracy of fetal foot length to confirm gestational duration","volume":"105","author":"Drey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet. Gynecol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(75)80969-3","article-title":"Fetal phallic growth and penile standards for newborn male infants","volume":"86","author":"Feldman","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1210\/endo-126-2-1165","article-title":"Testosterone at high concentrations interacts with the human androgen receptor similarly to dihydrotestosterone","volume":"126","author":"Grino","year":"1990","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032098","article-title":"Lack of defects in androgen production in children with hypospadias","volume":"89","author":"Holmes","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4757-6589-2_5","article-title":"Estrogen control of progesterone receptor induction in human breast cancer: role of nuclear estrogen receptor","volume":"117","author":"Horwitz","year":"1979","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2014.03.003","article-title":"The power and perils of animal models with urogenital anomalies: handle with care","volume":"10","author":"Hutson","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.09.003","article-title":"Three-dimensional imaging of the developing human fetal urogenital-genital tract: indifferent stage to male and female differentiation","volume":"103","author":"Isaacson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-4731(75)90179-X","article-title":"Oestrogen-induced progesterone receptor in human uterus","volume":"6","author":"Janne","year":"1975","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib29","first-page":"379","article-title":"Problems of fetal endocrinology: the gonadal and hypophyseal hormones","volume":"8","author":"Jost","year":"1953","journal-title":"Recent Prog. Horm. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib30","first-page":"38","article-title":"A new look at the mechanisms controlling sex differentiation in mammals","volume":"130","author":"Jost","year":"1972","journal-title":"Johns Hopkins Med. J."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/S0013-9351(03)00085-9","article-title":"Induction of hypospadias in a murine model by maternal exposure to synthetic estrogens","volume":"94","author":"Kim","year":"2004","journal-title":"Environ. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib32","first-page":"73","article-title":"Update--steroidogenic factor 1 (SF-1, NR5A1)","volume":"35","author":"Kohler","year":"2010","journal-title":"Minerva Endocrinol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2014.09.108","article-title":"Canalization of the urethral plate precedes fusion of the urethral folds during male penile urethral development: the double zipper hypothesis","volume":"193","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.08.002","article-title":"Human glans and preputial development","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2014.09.004","article-title":"Comparative effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol on external genitalia development in adult males of two mouse strains with differential estrogen sensitivity","volume":"88","author":"Mahawong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2014.09.005","article-title":"Prenatal diethylstilbestrol induces malformation of the external genitalia of male and female mice and persistent second-generation developmental abnormalities of the external genitalia in two mouse strains","volume":"88","author":"Mahawong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"4 Pt 2","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1275","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.07.117","article-title":"Canalization of the vestibular plate in the absence of urethral fusion characterizes development of the human clitoris: the single zipper hypothesis","volume":"195","author":"Overland","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1159\/000485909","article-title":"Recurrent intragenic duplication within the NR5A1 gene and severe proximal hypospadias","volume":"11","author":"Peycelon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex Dev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3703","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.130.6.1597166","article-title":"Neonatal estrogen exposure induces lobe-specific alterations in adult rat prostate androgen receptor expression","volume":"130","author":"Prins","year":"1992","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2016.06.003","article-title":"Complex epithelial remodeling underlie the fusion event in early fetal development of the human penile urethra","volume":"92","author":"Shen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2018.09.004","article-title":"Immunohistochemical expression analysis of the human fetal lower urogenital tract","volume":"103","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"j","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-38-1-113","article-title":"Testosterone formation and metabolism during male sexual differentiation in the human embryo","volume":"38","author":"Siiteri","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-38-1-113","article-title":"Testosterone formation and metabolism during male sexual differentiation in the human embryo","volume":"38","author":"Siiteri","year":"1974","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2016.03.004","article-title":"Mouse hypospadias: a critical examination and definition","volume":"92","author":"Sinclair","year":"2016","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diff.2016.12.001","article-title":"Flutamide-induced hypospadias in rats: a critical assessment","volume":"94","author":"Sinclair","year":"2017","journal-title":"Differentiation"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4043","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2018-01865","article-title":"Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to steroid 21-hydroxylase deficiency: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"103","author":"Speiser","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-52-1-98","article-title":"Age-related changes in endogenous steroids of human fetal testis during early and midpregnancy","volume":"52","author":"Tapanainen","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2056","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.94.5.2056","article-title":"Prostate enlargement in mice due to fetal exposure to low doses of estradiol or diethylstilbestrol and opposite effects at high doses","volume":"94","author":"vom Saal","year":"1997","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"issue":"7\u20138","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1071\/RD01074","article-title":"The role of 5alpha-reduction in steroid hormone physiology","volume":"13","author":"Wilson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2010.07.002","article-title":"Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome: an anatomic evaluation and sexual function questionnaire pilot study","volume":"7","author":"Wilson","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2010.03.051","article-title":"Environmental factors in genitourinary development","volume":"184","author":"Yiee","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-8995-6_8","article-title":"Anatomical studies of the fibroblast growth factor-10 mutant, Sonic Hedge Hog mutant and androgen receptor mutant mouse genital tubercle","volume":"545","author":"Yucel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E7194","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1515981112","article-title":"Timing of androgen receptor disruption and estrogen exposure underlies a spectrum of congenital penile anomalies","volume":"112","author":"Zheng","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."}],"container-title":["Differentiation"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301468119300830?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0301468119300830?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,4]],"date-time":"2025-10-04T08:06:24Z","timestamp":1759565184000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0301468119300830"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"references-count":53,"alternative-id":["S0301468119300830"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005","relation":{},"ISSN":["0301-4681"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0301-4681","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Androgen and estrogen receptor expression in the developing human penis and clitoris","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Differentiation","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.diff.2019.08.005","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2019 International Society of Differentiation. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}