{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T17:15:33Z","timestamp":1792602933935,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":115,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,5,1]],"date-time":"2018-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1525132800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","diseaseamonth.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Disease-a-Month"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,4,28]],"date-time":"2018-04-28T02:24:17Z","timestamp":1524882257000},"page":"195-212","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Tick borne illness\u2014Lyme disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"64","author":[{"given":"Larry M.","family":"Bush","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria T.","family":"Vazquez-Pertejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780200102","article-title":"Lyme arthritis: an epidemic of oligoarticular arthritis in children and adults in three Connecticut communities","volume":"20","author":"Steere","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1367","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92382-9","article-title":"Antiquity of the Lyme-disease spirochaete in Europe","volume":"346","author":"Matuschka","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198908313210906","article-title":"Lyme disease","volume":"321","author":"Steere","year":"1989","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4552","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1126\/science.7043737","article-title":"Lyme disease\u2014a tick-borne spirochetosis?","volume":"216","author":"Burgdorder","year":"1982","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/0738-081X(93)90087-S","article-title":"How the discovery of Borrelia burgdorferi came about","volume":"11","author":"Burgdorfer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Clin Dermatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1300\/J096v08n02_06","article-title":"A ten-year study of tick biting in Mississippi: implications for human disease transmission","volume":"8","author":"Goddard","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Agromed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11642","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1434553100","article-title":"An enzootic transmission cycle of Lyme borreliosis spirochetes in the southeastern United States","volume":"100","author":"Oliver","year":"2003","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1710","DOI":"10.3201\/1709.110210","article-title":"Canine serology as adjunct to human Lyme disease surveillance","volume":"17","author":"Mead","year":"2011","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib9","first-page":"1","article-title":"Surveillance for Lyme disease-United States, 1992-2006","volume":"57","author":"Bacon","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill Summ"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19906","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.16.27.19906-en","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis in Europe","volume":"16","author":"Rizzoli","year":"2011","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7203","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.11.7203-7216.2005","article-title":"Prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato genospecies in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Europe; a meta-analysis","volume":"71","author":"Rauter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1006241108739","article-title":"Ticks feeding on humans: a review of records on human-biting Ixodoidea with special reference to pathogen transmission","volume":"23","author":"Estrada-Pena","year":"1999","journal-title":"Exp Appl Acarol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1604318","article-title":"Lyme disease in California: a novel enzootic transmission cycle of Borrelia burgdorferi","volume":"256","author":"Brown","year":"1992","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-004-3042-z","article-title":"Comparison of erythema migrans caused by Borrelia afzeli and Borrelia garinii","volume":"32","author":"Logar","year":"2004","journal-title":"Infection"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib15","first-page":"381","article-title":"Biology of Borrelia species","volume":"50","author":"Barbour","year":"1986","journal-title":"Microbiol Mol Bio Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.01950-05","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi OspC protein required exclusively in crucial early stage of mammalian infection","volume":"74","author":"Tilly","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.08.017","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi sensu strito invasiveness is correlated with OspC-plasminogen affinity","volume":"8","author":"Lagal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3547","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00158-06","article-title":"Delineating the requirement for the Borrelia burgdorferi virulence factor OspC in the mammalian host","volume":"74","author":"Stewart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20011870","article-title":"An immune evasion mechanism for spirochetal persistence in Lyme borreliosis","volume":"195","author":"Liang","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"4A","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15S","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80040-0","article-title":"Erythema migrans and early Lyme disease","volume":"98","author":"Nadelman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450207","article-title":"Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Steere","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1086\/508667","article-title":"The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of America","volume":"43","author":"Wormser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-136-6-200203190-00005","article-title":"Clinical characteristics and treatment outcome of early Lyme disease in patients with microbiologically confirmed erythema migrans","volume":"136","author":"Smith","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"502","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(95)99915-9","article-title":"The clinical spectrum of early Lyme borreliosis in patients with culture-confirmed erythema migrans","volume":"100","author":"Nadelman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-114-6-490","article-title":"Diagnosis of Lyme disease based on dermatologic manifestations","volume":"114","author":"Malane","year":"1992","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1495","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1992.01680210073010","article-title":"Vesicular erythema migrans","volume":"128","author":"Goldberg","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-142-9-200505030-00011","article-title":"Brief communication: hematogenous dissemination in early Lyme disease","volume":"142","author":"Wormser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-99-1-76","article-title":"The early clinical manifestations of Lyme disease","volume":"99","author":"Steere","year":"1983","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00308-5","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with culture confirmed Lyme disease","volume":"115","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.35.1.47","article-title":"The triad of neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease: meningitis, cranial neuritis, and radiculoneuritis","volume":"35","author":"Pachner","year":"1985","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2015.02.002","article-title":"Nervous system Lyme disease","volume":"29","author":"Halperin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin N Am"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-8994(97)00215-4","article-title":"Pseudotumor cerebri in Lyme disease: a case report and literature review","volume":"18","author":"Kan","year":"1998","journal-title":"Pediatr Neurol"},{"issue":"9814","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60103-7","article-title":"Lyme borreliosis","volume":"379","author":"Staneck","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-93-1-8","article-title":"Lyme carditis: cardiac abnormalities of Lyme disease","volume":"93","author":"Steere","year":"1980","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/171.2.362","article-title":"Early murine lyme carditis has a macrophage predominance and is independent of major histocompatibility complex class II-CD4+ T cell interactions","volume":"171","author":"Ruderman","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/160.1.150","article-title":"Demonstration of spirochetes in cardiac biopsies of patients with lyme disease","volume":"160","author":"de Konig","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib37","first-page":"923","article-title":"Lyme carditis. Electrophysiologic and histopathologic study","volume":"81","author":"Reznik","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib38","first-page":"81","article-title":"Lyme carditis: clinical characteristics of 105 cases","volume":"77","author":"van der Linde","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scan J Infect Dis Suppl"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu411","article-title":"Third-degree heart block associated with lyme carditis: review of published cases","volume":"59","author":"Forrester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e350","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCUALTIONAHA.108.189742","volume":"117","author":"Epstein","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"suppl 6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1435","DOI":"10.1093\/clinids\/11.Supplement_6.S1435","article-title":"Lyme disease surveillance in the United States, 1983-1986","volume":"11","author":"Ciesielski","year":"1989","journal-title":"Rev Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/33.9.862","article-title":"Lyme pericarditis leading to tamponade","volume":"33","author":"Bruyn","year":"1994","journal-title":"Br J Rheumatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-4975(00)01452-1","article-title":"Possible relationship between degenerative cardiac valvular pathology and lyme disease","volume":"70","author":"Canver","year":"2000","journal-title":"Ann Thorac Surg"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3540","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.01032-08","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia bissettii in cardiac valve tissue of a patient with endocarditis and aortic valve stenosis in the Czech republic","volume":"46","author":"Rudenko","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9149(99)80814-5","article-title":"A prospective study f the seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi infection in patients with severe heart failure","volume":"76","author":"Sonnesyn","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib46","first-page":"993","article-title":"Three sudden cardiac deaths associated with Lyme carditis\u2014United States, November 2012\u2013July 2013","volume":"62","year":"2013","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9394(14)73864-4","article-title":"Diagnosis and clinical characteristics of ocular Lyme borreliosis","volume":"119","author":"Karma","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am J Ophtaalmol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib48","first-page":"296","article-title":"Dermatological manifestations of Lyme borreliosis","volume":"14","author":"Mullegger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur J Dermatol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-107-5-725","article-title":"The clinical evolution of Lyme arthritis","volume":"107","author":"Steere","year":"1987","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1358","DOI":"10.1086\/592279","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi genotype predicts the capacity for hematogenous dissemination during early Lyme disease","volume":"198","author":"Wornser","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1093","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI21681","article-title":"The emergence of Lyme disease","volume":"113","author":"Steere","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2174","DOI":"10.1002\/art.24812","article-title":"Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi genotypes in patients with Lyme arthritis: high frequency of ribosomal RNA intergenic spacer type 1 strains in antibiotic-refractory arthritis","volume":"60","author":"Jones","year":"2009","journal-title":"Arthritis Rhem"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15013","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0903810106","article-title":"Phylogeography of Borrelia burgdorferi in the eastern United States reflects multiple independent Lyme disease emergence events","volume":"106","author":"Hoen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22131","article-title":"Therapy for Lyme arthritis: strategies for the treatment of antibiotic-refractory arthritis","volume":"54","author":"Steere","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2238","DOI":"10.1002\/art.30384","article-title":"Burden and viability of Borrelia burgdorferi in skin and joints of patients with erythema migrans or Lyme arthritis","volume":"63","author":"Li","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib56","first-page":"S259","article-title":"Relationship between immunity to Borrelia burgdorferi outer-surface protein A (OspA) and Lyme arthritis","volume":"52","author":"Steere","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1002\/art.37732","article-title":"A novel human auto-antigen, endothelial cell growth factor, is a target of T and B cell responses in patients with Lyme disease","volume":"65","author":"Drouin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011223232102","article-title":"Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease","volume":"323","author":"Logigian","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(03)00308-5","article-title":"Long-term follow-up of patients with culture-confirmed Lyme disease","volume":"115","author":"Nowakowski","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1086\/508667","article-title":"The clinical assessment, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: clinical practice guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"43","author":"Wormser","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra072023","article-title":"A critical appraisal of \u201cchronic Lyme disease\u201d","volume":"357","author":"Feder","year":"2007","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.1086\/322669","article-title":"Persistence of immunoglobulin M or immunoglobulin G antibody responses to Borrelia burgdorferi 10-20 years after active Lyme disease","volume":"33","author":"Kalish","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450202","article-title":"Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Klempner","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000071227.23769.9E","article-title":"Study and treatment of post Lyme disease (STOP-LD): a randomized double masked clinical trial","volume":"60","author":"Krup","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.idc.2007.12.005","article-title":"Lyme disease: laboratory issues","volume":"22","author":"Aguero-Rosenfield","year":"2008","journal-title":"Infect Dis Clin North Am"},{"issue":"RR-13","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib66","first-page":"1","article-title":"Case definitions for public health surveillance","volume":"39","author":"Wharton","year":"1990","journal-title":"MMWR Recomm Rep"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401273300401","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid from patients with Lyme arthiris","volume":"330","author":"Nocton","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2016.2884","article-title":"Diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of Lyme disease, human granulocytic anaplasmosis, and babesiosis: a review","volume":"315","author":"Sanchez","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Am Med Assoc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1086\/589242","article-title":"Prospective study of serologic tests for Lyme disease","volume":"47","author":"Steere","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2015.08.001","article-title":"Lyme disease diagnosis: serology","volume":"35","author":"Schriefer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ584","article-title":"Poor positive predictive value of Lyme disease serologic testing in an area of low disease incidence","volume":"61","author":"Lantos","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03749.x","article-title":"High frequency of false positive IgM immunoblots for Borrelia burgdorferi in clinical practice","volume":"18","author":"Seriburi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2012.09.003","article-title":"Single-tier testing with C6 peptide ELISA kit compared with two-tier testing fo Lyme disease","volume":"75","author":"Wormser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1007\/s00430-013-0315-0","article-title":"Utility of serodiagnostics designed for use in the United Staes for detection of Lyme borreliosis acquired in Europe and vice versa","volume":"203","author":"Wormser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Med Microbiol Immunol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1705","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu703","article-title":"A comparison of lyme disease serologic test results from 4 laboratories in patients with persistent symptoms after antibiotic treatment","volume":"59","author":"Fallon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/161.6.1203","article-title":"Evaluation of intrathecal antibody response to Borrelia burgdorferi as a diagnostic test for Lyme borreliosis","volume":"161","author":"Steere","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"705","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000172903.14077.4c","article-title":"Diagnostic utility of Borrelia burgdorferi cerebrospinal fluid polymerase chain reaction in children with Lyme meningitis","volume":"24","author":"Avery","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1007\/s00234-005-1440-2","article-title":"Lyme disease of the brainstem","volume":"47","author":"Kalina","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroradiology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199401273300401","article-title":"Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA by polymerase chain reaction in synovial fluid in Lyme arthritis","volume":"330","author":"Nocton","year":"1994","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(99)80190-9","article-title":"Misdiagnosis of erythema migrans","volume":"99","author":"Feder","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1007\/s11908-014-0450-9","article-title":"A concise critical analysis of serologic testing for the diagnosis of Lyme disease","volume":"16","author":"DeBiasi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Curr Infect Dis Rep"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.134.8.955","article-title":"Physician-diagnosed erythema migrans and erythema migrans-like rashes following lone start tick bites","volume":"134","author":"Masters","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cir1009","article-title":"Southern tixk-associated rash illness:further considereations","volume":"54","author":"Herman-Giddens","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1086\/432935","article-title":"Prospective clinical evaluation of patients from Missouri and New York with erythema migrans-like skin lesions","volume":"41","author":"Wormser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"954","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02929-12","article-title":"Differences and similarities between culture-confirmed granulocytic anaplasmosis and early Lyme disease","volume":"51","author":"Wormser","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1202018","article-title":"Human babesiosis","volume":"366","author":"Vannier","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1086\/525852","article-title":"Persistent and relapsing babesiosis in immunocompromised patients","volume":"46","author":"Krause","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1209039","article-title":"Meningoencephalitis from Borrelia miyamotoi in an immunocompromised patient","volume":"368","author":"Gugliotta","year":"2013","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.7326\/M15-0333","article-title":"Borrelia miyamotoi disease in the Northeastern united States: a case series","volume":"163","author":"Molloy","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1926","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1912.130903","article-title":"Potential role of deer tick virus in Powassan encephalitis cases in Lyme disease-endemic areas of New York, USA","volume":"19","author":"El Khoury","year":"2013","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Telford S.R. III, Armstrong P.M., Katavolos P. et al. A new tick-borne encephalitis-like virus infecting New England deer ticks. Ixodes dammini. Emerg Infect Dis. 1997;3:165-170.","DOI":"10.3201\/eid0302.970209"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-3305-6-185","article-title":"Isolation of deer tick virus (Powassan virus, lineage II) from Ixodes scapularis and detection of antibody in vertebrate hosts sampled in the Hudson Valley, New York State","volume":"6","author":"Dupuis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Parasit Vectors"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(15)00464-8","article-title":"Identification of a novel Borrelia species causing Lyme borreliosis with unusually high spirochaetaemia: a descriptive study","volume":"16","author":"Pritt","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1010493","article-title":"Emergence of a new pathogenic Ehrlichia species, Wisconsin and Minnesota, 2009","volume":"365","author":"Pritt","year":"2011","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-124-9-199605010-00002","article-title":"Azithromycin compared with amoxicillin in the treatment of erythema migrans: a double blind, randomized, controlled trial","volume":"124","author":"Luft","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Int Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01780661","article-title":"Azithromycin and doxycycline for treatment of Borrelia culture-positive erythema migrans","volume":"24","author":"Strle","year":"1996","journal-title":"Infection"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis402","article-title":"Treatment of erythema migrans with doxycycline for 10 days versus 15 days","volume":"55","author":"Stupica","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2009.05.011","article-title":"Subjective symptoms after treatment of early Lume disease","volume":"123","author":"Cerar","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am J Med"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"986","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000291407.40667.69","article-title":"Prolonged Lyme disease treatment: enough is enough","volume":"70","author":"Halperin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199707313370501","article-title":"Ceftriaxone compared with dosycyline for the treatment of acute disseminated Lyme disease","volume":"337","author":"Dattwyler","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6\u20137","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540510027228","article-title":"Intravenous ceftriaxone compared with oral doxycycline for the treatment of Lyme neuroborreliosis","volume":"37","author":"Borg","year":"2005","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70119-4","article-title":"Oral doxycycline versus intravenous ceftriaxone for European Lyme neuroborreliosis: a multicenter, non-inferiority, double blind, randomised trial","volume":"7","author":"Jlostad","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1438","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199011223232102","article-title":"Chronic neurologic manifestations of Lyme disease","volume":"323","author":"Logigian","year":"1990","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu411","article-title":"Third-degree heart block associated with lyme carditis; review of published cases","volume":"59","author":"Forrester","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780370616","article-title":"Treatment of Lyme arthritis","volume":"37","author":"Steere","year":"1994","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.1002\/art.22131","article-title":"Therapy for Lyme arthritis: strategies for the treatment of antibiotic-refractory arthritis","volume":"54","author":"Steere","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1056","DOI":"10.1002\/art.1780340817","article-title":"Treatment of refractory chronic Lyme arthritis with arthroscopic synovectomy","volume":"34","author":"Schoen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arthritis Rheum"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1086\/654809","article-title":"Final report of the Lyme disease review panel of the Infectious Diseases Society of America","volume":"51","author":"Lantos","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1505425","article-title":"Randomized trial of longer-term therapy for symptoms attributed to Lyme disease","volume":"374","author":"Berende","year":"2016","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450202","article-title":"Two controlled trials of antibiotic treatment in patients with persistent symptoms and a history of Lyme disease","volume":"345","author":"Klempner","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1032","DOI":"10.1086\/521256","article-title":"Reinfection in patients with Lyme disease","volume":"45","author":"Nadelman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2009.04.026","article-title":"Peridomestic Lyme disease prevention: results of a population-based case\u2013control study","volume":"37","author":"Connaly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2424","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra021397","article-title":"How can we prevent Lyme disease?","volume":"348","author":"Hayes","year":"2003","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200107123450201","article-title":"Prophylaxis with single-dose doxycycline for the prevention of lyme disease afteer an ixodes scapularis tick bite","volume":"345","author":"Wormser","year":"2001","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S271","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciq119","article-title":"Correcting A Public Health Fiasco: The Need For A New Vaccine Against Lyme Disease","author":"Plotkin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"}],"container-title":["Disease-a-Month"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0011502918300075?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0011502918300075?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,21]],"date-time":"2022-08-21T08:02:13Z","timestamp":1661068933000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0011502918300075"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"references-count":115,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]}},"alternative-id":["S0011502918300075"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-5029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-5029","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Tick borne illness\u2014Lyme disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Disease-a-Month","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.disamonth.2018.01.007","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}