{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T12:13:30Z","timestamp":1791288810143,"version":"4.3.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Disease-a-Month"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,21]],"date-time":"2022-10-21T22:36:32Z","timestamp":1666391792000},"page":"101497","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Pathogenesis and management of multiple sclerosis revisited"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"69","author":[{"given":"Abhi","family":"Shah","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viraj","family":"Panchal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kashyap","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zainab","family":"Alimohamed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nirja","family":"Kaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashendra","family":"Sethi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Neil","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"17 suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0001","first-page":"s321","article-title":"Impact of diagnosis and early treatment on the course of multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Noyes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Manag Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0002","first-page":"e8094","article-title":"The prevalence of autoimmune disorders in women: a narrative review","volume":"12","author":"Angum","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0003","unstructured":"Ghasemi N, Razavi S, Nikzad E. Multiple sclerosis: pathogenesis, symptoms, diagnoses and cell-based therapy. Cell J. 19(1):1-10. doi:10.22074\/cellj.2016.4867"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0004","series-title":"Multiple Sclerosis","author":"Tafti","year":"2022"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1816","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970841","article-title":"Rising prevalence of multiple sclerosis worldwide: insights from the Atlas of MS, third edition","volume":"26","author":"Walton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0006","first-page":"175","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis review","volume":"37","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2012","journal-title":"P T"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1778","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws099","article-title":"The Gulf War era multiple sclerosis cohort: age and incidence rates by race, sex and service","volume":"135","author":"Wallin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0008","series-title":"Clinical Immunology (Fifth Edition)","article-title":"66 - Multiple sclerosis","author":"Segal","year":"2019"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0009","unstructured":"Number of people with MS | Atlas of MS. Accessed September 20, 2022. https:\/\/www.atlasofms.org\/map\/global\/epidemiology\/number-of-people-with-ms#about."},{"issue":"9313","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)08220-X","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis","volume":"359","author":"Compston","year":"2002","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.3233\/HAB-150289","article-title":"Frequency of viral infections and environmental factors in multiple sclerosis","volume":"24","author":"Eftekharian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Antibodies"},{"issue":"suppl 5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"661","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.99107s5661","article-title":"Introduction to immunology and autoimmunity","volume":"107","author":"Smith","year":"1999","journal-title":"Environ Health Perspect"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00434-4","article-title":"Anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein B-cell responses in multiple sclerosis","volume":"135","author":"Kennel De March","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.01.012","article-title":"Epitope specificity of serum antibodies directed against the extracellular domain of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein: Influence of relapses and immunomodulatory treatments","volume":"174","author":"Khalil","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-5728(02)00271-0","article-title":"Antibody response to myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein and myelin basic protein depend on familial background and are partially associated with human leukocyte antigen alleles in multiplex families and sporadic multiple sclerosis","volume":"131","author":"Lutterotti","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410430107","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of an oligodendrocyte precursor-derived B-cell epitope in multiple sclerosis","volume":"43","author":"Archelos","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.37.9.1515","article-title":"Immunoblot detection of oligoclonal anti-myelin basic protein IgG antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis","volume":"37","author":"Cruz","year":"1987","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-5728(89)90009-X","article-title":"Antibodies to Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein (MAG) in the cerebrospinal fluid of multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"22","author":"M\u00f6ller","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2015.05.022","article-title":"Effect of high dose vitamin D intake on interleukin-17 levels in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"285","author":"Toghianifar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2377-13-60","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation for patients with multiple sclerosis treated with interferon-beta: a randomized controlled trial assessing the effect on flu-like symptoms and immunomodulatory properties","volume":"13","author":"Golan","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2286","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2012.5068","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"19","author":"Miljkovi\u0107","year":"2013","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.09.054","article-title":"HLA-DR15 molecules jointly shape an autoreactive T cell repertoire in multiple sclerosis","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2019.07.007","article-title":"The role of zinc, copper, manganese and iron in neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"74","author":"Mezzaroba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"624","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9060624","article-title":"Zinc in infection and inflammation","volume":"9","author":"Gammoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/1759091416651511","article-title":"Zinc in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Bredholt","year":"2016","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10080967","article-title":"Lower serum zinc levels in patients with multiple sclerosis compared to healthy controls","volume":"10","author":"Pawlitzki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2017.09.003","article-title":"levels of peripheral Th17 cells and serum Th17-related cytokines in patients with multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00035.2014","article-title":"The physiological, biochemical, and molecular roles of zinc transporters in zinc homeostasis and metabolism","volume":"95","author":"Kambe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519828601","article-title":"Iatrogenic CNS demyelination in the era of modern biologics","volume":"25","author":"Kumar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3212","article-title":"Import, maturation, and function of SOD1 and its copper chaperone CCS in the mitochondrial intermembrane space","volume":"13","author":"Kawamata","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antioxid Redox Signal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3177\/jnsv.64.1","article-title":"Absorption mechanisms of iron, copper, and zinc: an overview","volume":"64","author":"Nishito","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/2052-4374-25-4","article-title":"Manganese neurotoxicity: a focus on glutamate transporters","volume":"25","author":"Karki","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Occup Environ Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-017-0871-0","article-title":"Microglia amplify inflammatory activation of astrocytes in manganese neurotoxicity","volume":"14","author":"Kirkley","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1557","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-05-078154","article-title":"CD4 T cells: fates, functions, and faults","volume":"112","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2008.03.004","article-title":"The biological functions of T helper 17 cell effector cytokines in inflammation","volume":"28","author":"Ouyang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1105","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxp095","article-title":"Regulatory T cells: how do they suppress immune responses?","volume":"21","author":"Sakaguchi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2006.08.003","article-title":"CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ T lymphocytes fail to suppress myelin basic protein-induced proliferation in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"180","author":"Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2007.02690.x","article-title":"Compromised CD4 + CD25 high regulatory T-cell function in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis is correlated with a reduced frequency of FOXP3-positive cells and reduced FOXP3 expression at the single-cell level","volume":"123","author":"Venken","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3265","article-title":"The anatomical and cellular basis of immune surveillance in the central nervous system","volume":"12","author":"Ransohoff","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-006-0065-1","article-title":"Antigen presentation in autoimmunity and CNS inflammation: how T lymphocytes recognize the brain","volume":"84","author":"Becher","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Mol Med"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.febslet.2011.03.064","article-title":"Cytokines and effector T cell subsets causing autoimmune CNS disease","volume":"585","author":"Petermann","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"issue":"Issue 1, supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0042","first-page":"S2","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis immunology: The healthy immune system vs the MS immune system","volume":"74","author":"Kasper","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0733-8619(18)30064-1","article-title":"The natural history of multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Weinshenker","year":"1995","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0537-6","article-title":"Escalating immunotherapy of multiple sclerosis","volume":"251","author":"Rieckmann","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200216060-00004","article-title":"Differentiation of multiple sclerosis subtypes","volume":"16","author":"Bitsch","year":"2002","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23493","article-title":"Remyelination in multiple sclerosis: Cellular mechanisms and novel therapeutic approaches","volume":"93","author":"Olsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Neurosci Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3639.1996.tb00854.x","article-title":"Distinct patterns of multiple sclerosis pathology indicates heterogeneity in pathogenesis","volume":"6","author":"Lucchinetti","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Pathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0048","series-title":"CURRENT Diagnosis & Treatment: Neurology, 3e","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis & demyelinating diseases","author":"Cree","year":"2019"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1764","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199312093292403","article-title":"The effect of corticosteroids for acute optic neuritis on the subsequent development of multiple sclerosis","volume":"329","author":"Beck","year":"1993","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1159\/000117038","article-title":"Double-blind trial of dexamethasone versus methylprednisolone in multiple sclerosis acute relapses","volume":"34","author":"la Mantia","year":"1994","journal-title":"Eur Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.50.5.511","article-title":"A double-blind controlled trial of high dose methylprednisolone in patients with multiple sclerosis: 1. Clinical effects","volume":"50","author":"Milligan","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"Issue 1, Supplement 1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0052","first-page":"S17","article-title":"Interferon- mechanisms of action in multiple sclerosis","volume":"74","author":"Dhib-Jalbut","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1628","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.56.12.1628","article-title":"PRISMS-4: long-term efficacy of interferon- -1a in relapsing MS","volume":"56","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.43.4.662","article-title":"Interferon beta-1b is effective in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: II. MRI analysis results of a multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"43","author":"Paty","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ford C, Johnson K, Kachuck N, et\u00a0al. Continuous long-term immunomodulatory therapy in relapsing multiple sclerosis: results from the 15-year analysis of the US prospective open-label study of glatiramer acetate. doi:10.1177\/1352458509358088.","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509358088"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2012.09.005","article-title":"The mechanism of action of glatiramer acetate in multiple sclerosis and beyond","volume":"12","author":"Aharoni","year":"2013","journal-title":"Autoimmun Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.50.3.701","article-title":"Extended use of glatiramer acetate (Copaxone) is well tolerated and maintains its clinical effect on multiple sclerosis relapse rate and degree of disability","volume":"50","author":"Johnson","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200418060-00010","article-title":"Mitoxantrone: a review of its use in multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Scott","year":"2004","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.549842","article-title":"Natalizumab in multiple sclerosis treatment: from biological effects to immune monitoring","volume":"11","author":"Khoy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0b013e3181cbf825","article-title":"Mechanism of action of oral fingolimod (FTY720) in multiple sclerosis","volume":"33","author":"Chun","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Neuropharmacol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907839","article-title":"Oral fingolimod or intramuscular interferon for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"362","author":"Cohen","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70099-0","article-title":"Comparison of fingolimod with interferon beta-1a in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised extension of the TRANSFORMS study","volume":"10","author":"Khatri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0909494","article-title":"A placebo-controlled trial of oral fingolimod in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"362","author":"Kappos","year":"2010","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1502","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0581-2","article-title":"Stabilization of rapidly worsening multiple sclerosis for 36 months in patients treated with interferon beta plus cyclophosphamide followed by interferon beta","volume":"251","author":"Patti","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0049-0172(83)90016-1","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology and toxicology of cyclophosphamide: emphasis on use in rheumatic diseases","volume":"12","author":"Kovarsky","year":"1983","journal-title":"Semin Arthritis Rheum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010242.pub2","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil for relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis","author":"Xiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"suppl_3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"iii11","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2005.073213","article-title":"Imaging in multiple sclerosis","volume":"76","author":"Trip","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0068","unstructured":"Diagnostic criteria most commonly used - diagnostic criteria most commonly used | Atlas of MS. Accessed September 22, 2022. https:\/\/www.atlasofms.org\/map\/global\/diagnosis-of-ms\/diagnostic-criteria-most-commonly-used"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a028969","article-title":"Magnetic resonance imaging in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Hemond","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-2327.58282","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid in multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Rammohan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Indian Acad Neurol"},{"issue":"1-2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2008.06.004","article-title":"Oligoclonal IgG band patterns in inflammatory demyelinating human and mouse diseases","volume":"200","author":"Franciotta","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"627","DOI":"10.1586\/14737159.2.6.627","article-title":"Detection of myelin basic protein in cerebrospinal fluid","volume":"2","author":"Ohta","year":"2002","journal-title":"Expert Rev Mol Diagn"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859800400603","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid measures of disease activity in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"4","author":"Sellebjerg","year":"1998","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0404.1996.tb07070.x","article-title":"Cerebrospinal fluid myelin basic protein-like material in acute monosymptomatic optic neuritis","volume":"94","author":"Frederiksen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Scand"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1191\/135248506ms1263oa","article-title":"Axonal damage markers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with clinically isolated syndrome improve predicting conversion to definite multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Brettschneider","year":"2006","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1007\/s13760-017-0772-0","article-title":"Corticosteroids in the management of acute multiple sclerosis exacerbations","volume":"117","author":"Smets","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neurol Belg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2013.00021","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis, relapses, and the mechanism of action of adrenocorticotropic hormone","volume":"4","author":"Ross","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9051597","article-title":"Plasma exchange or immunoadsorption in demyelinating diseases: a meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Lipphardt","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lpm.2021.104068","article-title":"Update on treatment in multiple sclerosis","volume":"50","author":"Callegari","year":"2021","journal-title":"Presse Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"844","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2017-317509","article-title":"Time matters in multiple sclerosis: can early treatment and long-term follow-up ensure everyone benefits from the latest advances in multiple sclerosis?","volume":"89","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000433284.07844.6b","article-title":"General health issues in multiple sclerosis","volume":"19","author":"Marrie","year":"2013","journal-title":"CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73247","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073247","article-title":"Clinical importance of steps taken per day among persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Motl","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3109\/09638288.2012.742574","article-title":"Exercise barriers and preferences among women and men with multiple sclerosis","volume":"35","author":"Asano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Disabil Rehabil"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518799580","article-title":"Symptomatology and symptomatic treatment in multiple sclerosis: results from a nationwide MS registry","volume":"25","author":"Rommer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1989.00520460115022","article-title":"The fatigue severity scale","volume":"46","author":"Krupp","year":"1989","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1017\/S0317167100048691","article-title":"The impact of fatigue on patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Fisk","year":"1994","journal-title":"Can J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2005.01.005","article-title":"Exercise and rehabilitation for individuals with multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-6196(12)61755-8","article-title":"Rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"64","author":"Erickson","year":"1989","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410390405","article-title":"Impact of aerobic training on fitness and quality of life in multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Petajan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.pu.08.050187.001345","article-title":"Physical activity and the incidence of coronary heart disease","volume":"8","author":"Powell","year":"1987","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199310000-00024","article-title":"Position Stand. Physical activity, physical fitness, and hypertension","volume":"25","year":"1993","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1249\/00005768-199206001-00013","article-title":"Osteoporosis and exercise in women","volume":"24","author":"Drinkwater","year":"1992","journal-title":"Med Sci Sports Exerc"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0093","first-page":"117","article-title":"Evaluation of the effects of muscle stretch and weight load in patients with spastic paraplegia","volume":"13","author":"Od\u00e9en","year":"1981","journal-title":"Scand J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0094","first-page":"179","article-title":"Topical cryotherapy-use for relief of pain and spasticity","volume":"105","author":"Mead","year":"1966","journal-title":"Calif Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/16501970600680262","article-title":"Whole-body vibration training compared with resistance training: effect on spasticity, muscle strength and motor performance in adults with cerebral palsy","volume":"38","author":"Ahlborg","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Rehabil Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0096","first-page":"623","article-title":"Effect of whole-body vibration on quadriceps spasticity in individuals with spastic hypertonia due to spinal cord injury","volume":"27","author":"Ness","year":"2009","journal-title":"Restor Neurol Neurosci"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1161\/01.STR.0000177880.06663.5c","article-title":"Long-term effect of shock wave therapy on upper limb hypertonia in patients affected by stroke","volume":"36","author":"Manganotti","year":"2005","journal-title":"Stroke"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2011-0720","article-title":"Radial extracorporeal shock wave therapy (rESWT) in the treatment of spasticity in cerebral palsy: A randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"29","author":"Vidal","year":"2011","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2004.12.005","article-title":"Extracorporeal shock waves: From lithotripsy to anti-inflammatory action by NO production","volume":"12","author":"Mariotto","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms1085oa","article-title":"Prevalence and treatment of spasticity reported by multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"10","author":"Rizzo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000389936.61789.04","article-title":"Symptomatic therapy of multiple sclerosis","volume":"16","author":"Markowitz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1212\/01.CON.0000293633.77732.e1","article-title":"Symptomatic therapy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Tullman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Continuum: Lifelong Learning in Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1586\/14737175.7.9.1213","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis symptom management","volume":"7","author":"Boissy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1002\/msj.20245","article-title":"Therapeutics for multiple sclerosis symptoms","volume":"78","author":"Ben-Zacharia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mount Sinai Journal of Medicine: A Journal of Translational and Personalized Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1177\/0269215507072772","article-title":"Early physiotherapy after injection of botulinum toxin increases the beneficial effects on spasticity in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Giovannelli","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin Rehabil"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-012-0320-5","article-title":"Pain and multiple sclerosis: pathophysiology and treatment","volume":"13","author":"Solaro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/473963","article-title":"Hydrotherapy for the treatment of pain in people with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"2012","author":"Castro-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2012","journal-title":"Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2015.07.015","article-title":"Efficacy of a telephone-delivered self-management intervention for persons with multiple sclerosis: a randomized controlled trial with a one-year follow-up","volume":"96","author":"Ehde","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"1-3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S0014-2999(02)01369-9","article-title":"Arvanil-induced inhibition of spasticity and persistent pain: evidence for therapeutic sites of action different from the vanilloid VR1 receptor and cannabinoid CB1\/CB2 receptors","volume":"439","author":"Brooks","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur J Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1191\/1352458504ms1082oa","article-title":"Do cannabis-based medicinal extracts have general or specific effects on symptoms in multiple sclerosis? A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled study on 160 patients","volume":"10","author":"Wade","year":"2004","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110837","article-title":"Smoked cannabis for spasticity in multiple sclerosis: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"184","author":"Corey-Bloom","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can Med Assoc J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"812","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000176753.45410.8b","article-title":"Randomized, controlled trial of cannabis-based medicine in central pain in multiple sclerosis","volume":"65","author":"Rog","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0113","article-title":"Pain modulation after oromucosal cannabinoid spray (SATIVEX\u00ae) in patients with multiple sclerosis: a study with quantitative sensory testing and laser-evoked potentials","volume":"5","author":"Turri","year":"2018","journal-title":"Medicines)"},{"issue":"9395","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1517","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14738-1","article-title":"Cannabinoids for treatment of spasticity and other symptoms related to multiple sclerosis (CAMS study): multicentre randomised placebo-controlled trial","volume":"362","author":"Zajicek","year":"2003","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"731","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1997.00550180049011","article-title":"Relationship of the antispasticity effect of tizanidine to plasma concentration in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"54","author":"Nance","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"11 suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0116","first-page":"S34","article-title":"Tizanidine treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis: results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. US Tizanidine Study Group","volume":"44","author":"Smith","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"11 Suppl 9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0117","first-page":"S70","article-title":"A double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of tizanidine in the treatment of spasticity caused by multiple sclerosis","volume":"44","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0118","first-page":"186","article-title":"Evaluation of treatment protocols on minimal to moderate spasticity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"72","author":"Brar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1001\/archneur.1977.00500190056008","article-title":"Baclofen, A new antispastic drug","volume":"34","author":"Sachais","year":"1977","journal-title":"Arch Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.3233\/NRE-2010-0596","article-title":"Spasticity: Revisiting the role and the individual value of several pharmacological treatments","volume":"27","author":"Lapeyre","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroRehabilitation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.874724","article-title":"Use of benzodiazepines and Z-drugs in multiple sclerosis","volume":"13","author":"Marrie","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859700300407","article-title":"Open label gabapentin treatment for pain in multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Houtchens","year":"1997","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12883-019-1582-1","article-title":"The prevalence of lower urinary tract symptoms based on individual and clinical parameters in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Nazari","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Neurol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.12968\/bjon.2002.11.8.10165","article-title":"Caffeine reduction education to improve urinary symptoms","volume":"11","author":"Bryant","year":"2002","journal-title":"British Journal of Nursing"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1016\/j.purol.2013.04.002","article-title":"M\u00e9canismes d'action de la r\u00e9\u00e9ducation p\u00e9rin\u00e9ale pour l'incontinence urinaire de la femme","volume":"23","author":"Deffieux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Progr\u00e8s en Urologie"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(15)00070-8","article-title":"Lower urinary tract dysfunction in the neurological patient: clinical assessment and management","volume":"14","author":"Panicker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD007295.pub2","article-title":"Pharmacologic treatment of depression in multiple sclerosis","author":"Koch","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.147.11.1493","article-title":"Antidepressant pharmacotherapy of depression associated with multiple sclerosis","volume":"147","year":"1990","journal-title":"American Journal of Psychiatry"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.genhosppsych.2007.08.002","article-title":"Efficacy of paroxetine in treating major depressive disorder in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Ehde","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gen Hosp Psychiatry"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"699","DOI":"10.1080\/08870440902842739","article-title":"The acceptability of computerised cognitive behavioural therapy for the treatment of depression in people with chronic physical disease: a qualitative study of people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Hind","year":"2010","journal-title":"Psychol Health"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181f4d80d","article-title":"MS quality of life, depression, and fatigue improve after mindfulness training: a randomized trial","volume":"75","author":"Grossman","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01422-9","article-title":"The development of cladribine tablets for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a comprehensive review","volume":"80","author":"Rammohan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-017-0573-4","article-title":"Cladribine to treat relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Giovannoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-020-00771-z","article-title":"Siponimod: a review in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"34","author":"Scott","year":"2020","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1687","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-021-05049-w","article-title":"Efficacy and acceptability of the S1P receptor in the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"42","author":"Tong","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurological Sciences"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1007\/s40263-021-00830-z","article-title":"Diroximel fumarate in relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis: a profile of its use","volume":"35","author":"Paik","year":"2021","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-020-01319-7","article-title":"Ozanimod: first approval","volume":"80","author":"Lamb","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.3390\/neurolint13020022","article-title":"Monomethyl Fumarate (MMF, Bafiertam) for the treatment of relapsing forms of multiple sclerosis (MS)","volume":"13","author":"Berger","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol Int"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1080\/14656566.2020.1799977","article-title":"Ponesimod for the treatment of relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Baldin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Expert Opin Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000008445","article-title":"Randomized trial of daily high-dose vitamin D 3 in patients with RRMS receiving subcutaneous interferon \u03b2-1a","author":"Hupperts","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864211000461","article-title":"Peginterferon beta-1a was associated with high adherence and satisfaction in patients with multiple sclerosis in a German real-world study","volume":"14","author":"Menge","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0142","first-page":"119","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of monthly subcutaneous injection of daclizumab in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Cohan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s40120-016-0048-2","article-title":"Pregnancy experience: nonclinical studies and pregnancy outcomes in the daclizumab clinical study program","volume":"5","author":"Gold","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol Ther"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e289","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000289","article-title":"Alemtuzumab treatment alters circulating innate immune cells in multiple sclerosis","volume":"3","author":"Gross","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.15252\/embj.201591488","article-title":"Gatekeeper role of brain antigen-presenting CD11c+ cells in neuroinflammation","volume":"35","author":"Paterka","year":"2016","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2021.0627","article-title":"Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient with progressive multiple sclerosis treated with ocrelizumab monotherapy","volume":"78","author":"Patel","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1917246","article-title":"Ofatumumab versus teriflunomide in multiple sclerosis","volume":"383","author":"Hauser","year":"2020","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2021.724718","article-title":"Progress in the application of drugs for the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"12","author":"Wei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1768","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-020-00950-2","article-title":"The pharmacogenetics of rituximab: potential implications for anti-CD20 therapies in multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Zhong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-10362-z","article-title":"Rituximab for the treatment of multiple sclerosis: a review","volume":"269","author":"Chisari","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"9936","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2213","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)62242-4","article-title":"Effect of high-dose simvastatin on brain atrophy and disability in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis (MS-STAT): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"383","author":"Chataway","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1048","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt023","article-title":"Modulation of dendritic cell properties by laquinimod as a mechanism for modulating multiple sclerosis","volume":"136","author":"Jolivel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2017.02.002","article-title":"Laquinimod enhances central nervous system barrier functions","volume":"102","author":"L\u00fchder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24715","article-title":"CTLA4 as immunological checkpoint in the development of multiple sclerosis","volume":"80","author":"Gerdes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1803583","article-title":"Phase 2 trial of ibudilast in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"379","author":"Fox","year":"2018","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e491","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011314","article-title":"Effects of ibudilast on MRI measures in the phase 2 SPRINT-MS study","volume":"96","author":"Naismith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2013-305298","article-title":"Mycophenolate mofetil in multiple sclerosis: a multicentre retrospective study on 344 patients","volume":"85","author":"Michel","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000001063","article-title":"New drugs for multiple sclerosis: new treatment algorithms","volume":"35","author":"Cree","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2018.1478289","article-title":"Therapies for mobility disability in persons with multiple sclerosis","volume":"18","author":"Baird","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1080\/14737175.2016.1193008","article-title":"Is physical exercise a multiple sclerosis disease modifying treatment?","volume":"16","author":"Motl","year":"2016","journal-title":"Expert Rev Neurother"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458518777377","article-title":"Is there an overlooked \u201cwindow of opportunity\u201d in MS exercise therapy? Perspectives for early MS rehabilitation","volume":"24","author":"Riemenschneider","year":"2018","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-019-1002-3","article-title":"Exercise as medicine in multiple sclerosis\u2014time for a paradigm shift: preventive, symptomatic, and disease-modifying aspects and perspectives","volume":"19","author":"Dalgas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep"},{"issue":"2_suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458516650741","article-title":"The importance of a multi-disciplinary perspective and patient activation programmes in MS management","volume":"22","author":"Feys","year":"2016","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(14)70231-5","article-title":"Treatment of progressive multiple sclerosis: what works, what does not, and what is needed","volume":"14","author":"Feinstein","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmr.2018.12.002","article-title":"Telemedicine in rehabilitation","volume":"30","author":"Galea","year":"2019","journal-title":"Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1177\/1545968315624785","article-title":"Upper limb rehabilitation in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Lamers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurorehabil Neural Repair"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1420","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519865740","article-title":"How do resistance training and balance and motor control training affect gait performance and fatigue impact in people with multiple sclerosis? A randomized controlled multi-center study","volume":"26","author":"Callesen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rehab.2019.05.007","article-title":"Factors influencing balance improvement in multiple sclerosis rehabilitation: a pragmatic multicentric trial","volume":"63","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Phys Rehabil Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/481574","article-title":"Functional and structural brain plasticity enhanced by motor and cognitive rehabilitation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"2015","author":"Prosperini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neural Plast"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2013.12.025","article-title":"Upper limb motor rehabilitation impacts white matter microstructure in multiple sclerosis","volume":"90","author":"Bonzano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apmr.2018.05.023","article-title":"ADSTEP: preliminary investigation of a multicomponent walking aid program in people with multiple sclerosis","volume":"99","author":"Martini","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Phys Med Rehabil"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1363","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519865734","article-title":"Beyond rehabilitation in MS: insights from non-invasive brain stimulation","volume":"25","author":"Leocani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1148\/radiol.14140168","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: changes in microarchitecture of white matter tracts after training with a video game balance board","volume":"273","author":"Prosperini","year":"2014","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497_bib0174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458514547408","article-title":"Measuring the cost of cognitive-motor dual tasking during walking in multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Leone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Multiple Sclerosis Journal"}],"container-title":["Disease-a-Month"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001150292200181X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S001150292200181X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,2]],"date-time":"2025-11-02T22:28:41Z","timestamp":1762122521000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S001150292200181X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":174,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S001150292200181X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497","relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-5029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-5029","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathogenesis and management of multiple sclerosis revisited","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Disease-a-Month","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.disamonth.2022.101497","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"101497"}}