{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T09:28:29Z","timestamp":1787390909696,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":210,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Disease-a-Month"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T09:20:49Z","timestamp":1787390449000},"page":"102210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pathobiology-guided diagnostic advances, biomarker discovery, and emerging therapeutic strategies in progressive multiple sclerosis"],"prefix":"10.1016","author":[{"given":"Rishabh","family":"Chaudhary","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alpana","family":"Singh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anugya","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anand","family":"Kumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vipul","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13317-019-0117-5","article-title":"Brain atrophy in multiple sclerosis: mechanisms, clinical relevance and treatment options","volume":"10","author":"Andravizou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Auto- Immun Highlights"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1159\/000342779","article-title":"Incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in the Americas: a systematic review","volume":"40","author":"Evans","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neuroepidemiology"},{"issue":"15_supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P2.380","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.90.15_supplement.P2.380","article-title":"Estimated prevalence of secondary progressive multiple sclerosis in the USA and Europe: results from a systematic literature search (P2.380)","volume":"90","author":"Khurana","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1029","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000007035","article-title":"The prevalence of MS in the United States: a population-based estimate using health claims data","volume":"92","author":"Wallin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12134274","article-title":"Cellular and molecular evidence of multiple sclerosis diagnosis and treatment challenges","volume":"12","author":"Khan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2024.04.004","article-title":"Immune system dysregulation in the progression of multiple sclerosis: molecular insights and therapeutic implications","volume":"548","author":"Khan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5074","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-024-12448-4","article-title":"Progression independent of relapse activity in relapsing multiple sclerosis: impact and relationship with secondary progression","volume":"271","author":"Portaccio","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30470-2","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria","volume":"17","author":"Thompson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0009","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Clinically isolated syndromes: clinical characteristics, differential diagnosis, and management","volume":"52","author":"Efendi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Noro Psikiyatri Ars"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2020.4689","article-title":"Diagnosis of progressive multiple sclerosis from the imaging perspective: a review","volume":"78","author":"Filippi","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2017.08.003","article-title":"New insights into multiple sclerosis clinical course from the topographical model and functional reserve","volume":"36","author":"Krieger","year":"2018","journal-title":"Neurol Clin"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e783","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011242","article-title":"Effect of disease-modifying therapy on disability in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis over 15 years","volume":"96","author":"Kalincik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mayocp.2013.11.002","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis: current and emerging disease-modifying therapies and treatment strategies","volume":"89","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0014","first-page":"i3518","article-title":"Disease modifying therapies for relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"354","author":"Wingerchuk","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ (Clin Res Ed)"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1430","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM200011163432001","article-title":"Relapses and progression of disability in multiple sclerosis","volume":"343","author":"Confavreux","year":"2000","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0016","first-page":"527","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathogenic mechanisms to treatment","volume":"140","author":"Correale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain: J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2023.11.005","article-title":"Toward identifying key mechanisms of progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"47","author":"Husseini","year":"2024","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-016-1636-z","article-title":"Slow expansion of multiple sclerosis iron rim lesions: pathology and 7 T magnetic resonance imaging","volume":"133","author":"Dal-Bianco","year":"2017","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0035-2","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: from pathophysiology to therapeutic strategies","volume":"18","author":"Faissner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-022-00770-5","article-title":"Epstein-Barr virus and multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Soldan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-023-01588-0","article-title":"Microglia in neurodegenerative diseases: mechanism and potential therapeutic targets","volume":"8","author":"Gao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Signal Transduct Target Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/mco2.70299","article-title":"Astrocyte in neurological disease: pathogenesis and therapy","volume":"6","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2023.102732","article-title":"Astrocyte-dependent circuit remodeling by synapse phagocytosis","volume":"81","author":"Park","year":"2023","journal-title":"Curr Opin Neurobiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(22)00289-7","article-title":"Multiple sclerosis progression: time for a new mechanism-driven framework","volume":"22","author":"Kuhlmann","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0025","article-title":"Role of Chitinase 3-like 1 as a biomarker in multiple sclerosis: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"9","author":"Floro","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol(R) Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1247","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201470045","article-title":"B cells in multiple sclerosis: good or bad guys?: an article for 28 May 2014 - World MS Day 2014","volume":"44","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"issue":"6553","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0027","first-page":"373","article-title":"Heterogeneity of meningeal B cells reveals a lymphopoietic niche at the CNS borders","author":"Brioschi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science (New York, NY)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0228883","article-title":"Oligoclonal IgG antibodies in multiple sclerosis target patient-specific peptides","volume":"15","author":"Graner","year":"2020","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0029","first-page":"13","article-title":"The diagnostic utility of oligoclonal bands in multiple sclerosis: a time-course analysis","author":"Candeloro","year":"2025","journal-title":"Biomedicines"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1706","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520981910","article-title":"Oligoclonal IgM bands in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with relapsing MS to inform long-term MS disability","volume":"27","author":"Capuano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler (Houndmills Basingstoke Engl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jneuroim.2025.578622","article-title":"Oligoclonal IgM band patterns in multiple sclerosis: a two-center study","volume":"404","author":"Masi","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neuroimmunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-71315-4","article-title":"The presence of oligoclonal bands predicts conversion to multiple sclerosis in isolated myelitis","volume":"14","author":"Monschein","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2024.110803","article-title":"Clinical laboratory test utilization of CSF oligoclonal bands and IgG index in a tertiary pediatric hospital","volume":"131-132","author":"Vanderschelden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Biochem"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1091\/mbc.E23-11-0438","article-title":"Neurofilament biophysics: from structure to biomechanics","volume":"35","author":"Ding","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mol Biol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.642384","article-title":"The evolution of neurofilament light chain in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Ferreira-Atuesta","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-022-11507-y","article-title":"Validity of serum neurofilament light chain as a prognostic biomarker of disease activity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"270","author":"Sen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0037","article-title":"Exploring the clinical utility of neurofilament light chain assays in multiple sclerosis management","volume":"12","author":"Bar-Or","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurol(R) Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031337","article-title":"Genome editing using CRISPR-Cas9 and autoimmune diseases: a comprehensive review","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0039","article-title":"Neurofilament light chain levels in multiple sclerosis correlate with lesions containing foamy macrophages and with acute axonal damage","volume":"9","author":"van den Bosch","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurol(R) Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106286","article-title":"A real-world data of serum neurofilament light chain in a large cohort of Egyptian multiple sclerosis patients: hospital-based study","volume":"94","author":"Khedr","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2120","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000200258","article-title":"Blood neurofilament light in progressive multiple sclerosis: post hoc analysis of 2 randomized controlled trials","volume":"98","author":"Leppert","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104662","article-title":"Blood neurofilament light levels predict non-relapsing progression following anti-CD20 therapy in relapsing and primary progressive multiple sclerosis: findings from the ocrelizumab randomised, double-blind phase 3 clinical trials","volume":"93","author":"Bar-Or","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0043","article-title":"Serum GFAP and NfL levels differentiate subsequent progression and disease activity in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Barro","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol(R) Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241311212","article-title":"Neurofilament heavy chain in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"31","author":"De Angelis","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult Scler (Houndmills Basingstoke Engl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15588","article-title":"Serum neurofilament-light and glial fibrillary acidic protein levels in hydroxychloroquine-treated primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"30","author":"Camara-Lemarroy","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2022.935382","article-title":"Development of a highly sensitive neurofilament light chain assay on an automated immunoassay platform","volume":"13","author":"Lee","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2024.102566","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of neurofilament alterations and its application in assessing neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"102","author":"Devarakonda","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ageing Res Rev"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-025-13381-w","article-title":"Kappa free light chain index as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker in multiple sclerosis","volume":"272","author":"Moreno-Navarro","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0049","article-title":"Kappa-free light chains in CSF predict early multiple sclerosis disease activity","volume":"8","author":"Berek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurol(R) Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2023.104573","article-title":"Kappa free light chain and neurofilament light independently predict early multiple sclerosis disease activity-a cohort study","volume":"91","author":"Hegen","year":"2023","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106377","article-title":"Kappa-free light chain as a practical alternative to oligoclonal bands in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"97","author":"Beckmann","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2021.676527","article-title":"Evaluation of Kappa Index as a tool in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: implementation in routine screening procedure","volume":"12","author":"Sanz Diaz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1385231","article-title":"Inter-assay diagnostic accuracy of cerebrospinal fluid kappa free light chains for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Dekeyser","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458519845844","article-title":"Kappa free light chains is a valid tool in the diagnostics of MS: a large multicenter study","volume":"26","author":"Leurs","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler (Houndmills Basingstoke Engl)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-77029-7","article-title":"Intrathecal kappa free light chains as markers for multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Vecchio","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.105402","article-title":"Prognostic value of cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers in multiple sclerosis: the key role of kappa free light chains and a multivariate predictor for disease progression","volume":"82","author":"Miklu\u0161ov\u00e1","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ceb.2015.02.004","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and the astrocyte intermediate filament system in diseases of the central nervous system","volume":"32","author":"Hol","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin Cell Biol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2015.04.003","article-title":"Glial fibrillary acidic protein: from intermediate filament assembly and gliosis to neurobiomarker","volume":"38","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2025.1682198","article-title":"Cross-platform analytical assessment of serum GFAP quantification in multiple sclerosis: SIMOA versus two automated immunoassays","volume":"16","author":"Tortosa-Carreres","year":"2025","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-024-75290-8","article-title":"The combination of CSF neurofilament light chain and glial fibrillary acidic protein improves the prediction of long-term confirmed disability worsening in multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Thebault","year":"2024","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2719","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.52187","article-title":"Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein predicts disease progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Madill","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1002\/acn3.51969","article-title":"Serum glial fibrillary acidic protein and disability progression in progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"11","author":"Abdelhak","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ann Clin Transl Neurol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2023-332251","article-title":"Serum biomarker levels predict disability progression in patients with primary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"95","author":"Fissolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.102810","article-title":"Increased serum glial fibrillary acidic protein associates with microstructural white matter damage in multiple sclerosis: GFAP and DTI","volume":"50","author":"Saraste","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-67934-2","article-title":"Serum GFAP in multiple sclerosis: correlation with disease type and MRI markers of disease severity","volume":"10","author":"Ayrignac","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0066","article-title":"Increasing neurofilament and glial fibrillary acidic protein after treatment discontinuation predicts multiple sclerosis disease activity","volume":"10","author":"Bose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol(R) Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33158-8","article-title":"Serum GFAP as a biomarker for disease severity in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"Abdelhak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1186\/s12865-025-00735-2","article-title":"Clinical applications and diagnostic research of GFAP and NfL in MS and NMOSD: a meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Lin","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1186\/s40001-023-01631-4","article-title":"Prediction of clinical progression in nervous system diseases: plasma glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)","volume":"29","author":"Zheng","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/alz.12612","article-title":"Potential role of chitinase-3-like protein 1 (CHI3L1\/YKL-40) in neurodegeneration and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"19","author":"Connolly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement: J Alzheimer\u2019s Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-023-01131-9","article-title":"Significance of chitinase-3-like protein 1 in the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases and cancer","volume":"56","author":"Yu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Exp Mol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-025-00801-8","article-title":"Chitinase-3-like-1: a multifaceted player in neuroinflammation and degenerative pathologies with therapeutic implications","volume":"20","author":"Mwale","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mol Neurodegener"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2025-336063","article-title":"Plasma CHI3L1 associates with brain volume loss and glial activation in multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Ahola","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms26094160","article-title":"Implications of chitinase 3-like 1 protein in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis in autopsied brains and a murine model","volume":"26","author":"Bando","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17590914231198980","article-title":"An association of Chitinase-3 like-protein-1 with neuronal deterioration in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Ahmad","year":"2023","journal-title":"ASN Neuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2024.105915","article-title":"Neurofilament heavy chain and chitinase 3-like 1 as markers for monitoring therapeutic response in multiple sclerosis","volume":"91","author":"Kusnierova","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3243","DOI":"10.1007\/s10072-023-06764-2","article-title":"Chitinase-3-like 1-protein in CSF: a novel biomarker for progression in patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"44","author":"Talaat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol Sci: Off J Ital Neurol Soc Ital Soc Clin Neurophysiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s12035-022-03060-6","article-title":"CSF CXCL13 and Chitinase 3-like-1 levels predict disease course in relapsing multiple sclerosis","volume":"60","author":"Lucchini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol Neurobiol"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0079","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells13242086","article-title":"CHI3L1 in multiple sclerosis-from bench to clinic","volume":"13","author":"Jatczak-Pawlik","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.12834","article-title":"Monitoring the John Cunningham virus throughout natalizumab treatment in multiple sclerosis patients","volume":"23","author":"Dom\u00ednguez-Mozo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1978","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X19666211111123202","article-title":"Changes in John Cunningham virus index in multiple sclerosis patients treated with different disease-modifying therapies","volume":"20","author":"Sgarlata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr Neuropharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2021.103266","article-title":"Mutations in the John Cunningham virus VP1 gene could predispose to the development of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in multiple sclerosis patients undergoing treatment with natalizumab","volume":"56","author":"Flores","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458520970103","article-title":"High anti-JCPyV serum titers coincide with high CSF cell counts in RRMS patients","volume":"27","author":"Schneider-Hohendorf","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mult Scler (Houndmills Basingstoke Engl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2020.102008","article-title":"Which is the best PML risk stratification strategy in natalizumab-treated patients affected by multiple sclerosis?","volume":"41","author":"Prezioso","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1177\/17562864241233041","article-title":"A review of Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase inhibitors in multiple sclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Airas","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther Adv Neurol Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.662223","article-title":"Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase (BTK) inhibitors and autoimmune diseases: making sense of BTK inhibitor specificity profiles and recent clinical trial successes and failures","volume":"12","author":"Ringheim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-020-02204-z","article-title":"Inhibition of Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase interferes with pathogenic B-cell development in inflammatory CNS demyelinating disease","volume":"140","author":"Torke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1177\/2040620714539906","article-title":"Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase inhibitors and their clinical potential in the treatment of B-cell malignancies: focus on ibrutinib","volume":"5","author":"Aalipour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ther Adv Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2021.630942","article-title":"Comparative analysis of BTK inhibitors and mechanisms underlying adverse effects","volume":"9","author":"Estupi\u00f1\u00e1n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Dev Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurot.2025.e00601","article-title":"Progressive multiple sclerosis: evaluating current therapies and exploring future treatment strategies","volume":"22","author":"Albelo-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Neurother: J Am Soc Exp NeuroTher"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085834","article-title":"Btk regulates macrophage polarization in response to lipopolysaccharide","volume":"9","author":"N\u00ed Gabhann","year":"2014","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0092","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1396","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab045","article-title":"Imaging meningeal inflammation in CNS autoimmunity identifies a therapeutic role for BTK inhibition","volume":"144","author":"Bhargava","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain: J Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-023-02877-9","article-title":"Remibrutinib (LOU064) inhibits neuroinflammation driven by B cells and myeloid cells in preclinical models of multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Nuesslein-Hildesheim","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1593","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517729455","article-title":"Targets of therapy in progressive MS","volume":"23","author":"Lassmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mult Scler (Houndmills Basingstoke Engl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2019.00286","article-title":"Targeting microglia and macrophages: a potential treatment strategy for multiple sclerosis","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Pharmacol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0096","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.3233\/BPL-200100","article-title":"Bruton\u2019s tyrosine kinase inhibition promotes myelin repair","volume":"5","author":"Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Plast (Amst Neth)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0097","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2025.115257","article-title":"CRISPR interference-mediated silencing of pro-inflammatory genes in autoimmune models: functional and biophysical evaluation with sustained effects in primary human PBMCs","volume":"163","author":"Eladl","year":"2025","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0098","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01432-2","article-title":"A genome-wide in vivo CRISPR screen identifies essential regulators of T cell migration to the CNS in a multiple sclerosis model","volume":"26","author":"Kendirli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Neurosci"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0099","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3878","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1600638","article-title":"The nuclear receptor Nr4a1 acts as a microglia rheostat and serves as a therapeutic target in autoimmune-driven Central nervous system inflammation","volume":"198","author":"Rothe","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Immunol (Baltim Md,: 1950)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1083","DOI":"10.1038\/ng2103","article-title":"Interleukin 7 receptor alpha chain (IL7R) shows allelic and functional association with multiple sclerosis","volume":"39","author":"Gregory","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.03.007","article-title":"Human epistatic interaction controls IL7R splicing and increases multiple sclerosis risk","volume":"169","author":"Galarza-Mu\u00f1oz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000322","article-title":"IL2RA genetic heterogeneity in multiple sclerosis and type 1 diabetes susceptibility and soluble interleukin-2 receptor production","volume":"5","author":"Maier","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Genet"},{"issue":"7412","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11307","article-title":"TNF receptor 1 genetic risk mirrors outcome of anti-TNF therapy in multiple sclerosis","volume":"488","author":"Gregory","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2019.112965","article-title":"LINGO-1 deficiency promotes nerve regeneration through reduction of cell apoptosis, inflammation, and glial scar after spinal cord injury in mice","volume":"320","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0105","series-title":"Combining CAR T Cells with Immunotherapies to Enhance Treatment Effectiveness BT - Advancement in CAR T-Cell Therapy in Tumors: Current Challenges and Future Directions","first-page":"241","author":"Chaudhary","year":"2026"},{"issue":"24","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10024","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.86.24.10024","article-title":"Expression of immunoglobulin-T-cell receptor chimeric molecules as functional receptors with antibody-type specificity","volume":"86","author":"Gross","year":"1989","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1706169","article-title":"Chimeric antigen receptor therapy","volume":"379","author":"June","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2025.106812","article-title":"CAR T cells for multiple sclerosis: engineering T cells to disrupt chronic B cell-driven neuroinflammation","volume":"104","author":"Ortu\u00f1o-Sahag\u00fan","year":"2025","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1158\/2159-8290.CD-12-0548","article-title":"The basic principles of chimeric antigen receptor design","volume":"3","author":"Sadelain","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cancer Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/1742-2094-9-112","article-title":"CAR\/FoxP3-engineered T regulatory cells target the CNS and suppress EAE upon intranasal delivery","volume":"9","author":"Fransson","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0111","article-title":"CAR-T cell-mediated B-cell depletion in central nervous system autoimmunity","volume":"10","author":"Gupta","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurol(R) Neuroimmunol Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1697","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awab093","article-title":"Formation and immunomodulatory function of meningeal B cell aggregates in progressive CNS autoimmunity","volume":"144","author":"Mitsdoerffer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain: J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0113","first-page":"550","article-title":"CD19-targeted chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy in two patients with multiple sclerosis","volume":"5","author":"Fischbach","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med (N Y NY)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcyt.2024.09.008","article-title":"Successful generation of fully human, second generation, anti-CD19 CAR T cells for clinical use in patients with diverse autoimmune disorders","volume":"27","author":"Mougiakakos","year":"2025","journal-title":"Cytotherapy"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"893","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.0c00695","article-title":"Gut microbiota changes in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and cuprizone mice models","volume":"12","author":"Moles","year":"2021","journal-title":"ACS Chem Neurosci"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2013.01.001","article-title":"Amelioration of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by probiotic mixture is mediated by a shift in T helper cell immune response","volume":"146","author":"Kwon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin Immunol (Orlando Fla,)"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.32598\/bcn.2021.1955.1","article-title":"Oral administration of probiotic Enterococcus durans to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in mice","volume":"13","author":"Samani","year":"2022","journal-title":"Basic Clin Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01096","article-title":"Oral administration of the probiotic strain Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 reduces susceptibility to neuroinflammation and repairs experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction","volume":"8","author":"Secher","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.117","article-title":"Bifidobacterium animalis in combination with human origin of Lactobacillus plantarum ameliorate neuroinflammation in experimental model of multiple sclerosis by altering CD4+ T cell subset balance","volume":"95","author":"Salehipour","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother = Biomed Pharmacother"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9040906","article-title":"A commercial probiotic induces tolerogenic and reduces pathogenic responses in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"9","author":"Calvo-Barreiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0121","first-page":"10","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and faecalibacterium prausnitzii in Immune-related diseases","author":"Effendi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0122","article-title":"Faecalibacterium prausnitzii, Bacteroides faecis and roseburia intestinalis attenuate clinical symptoms of experimental colitis by regulating Treg\/Th17 cell balance and intestinal barrier integrity","volume":"167","author":"Mohebali","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomed Pharmacother = Biomed Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.578648","article-title":"Human commensal Prevotella histicola ameliorates disease as effectively as interferon-beta in the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"11","author":"Shahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2020.1758887","article-title":"Effects of long-term administration of Multi-Strain Probiotic on circulating levels of BDNF, NGF, IL-6 and mental health in patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"25","author":"Rahimlou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr Neurosci"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.75","article-title":"Expert consensus document: the International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of prebiotics","volume":"14","author":"Gibson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev, Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.13700","article-title":"Prebiotic inulin-type fructans and galacto-oligosaccharides: definition, specificity, function, and application in gastrointestinal disorders","volume":"32","author":"Wilson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2016.12.031","article-title":"Targeting the microbiota-gut-brain axis: prebiotics have anxiolytic and antidepressant-like effects and reverse the impact of chronic stress in mice","volume":"82","author":"Burokas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.537847","article-title":"The microbiome and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: potential and limitations of prebiotic, synbiotic, and probiotic formulations","volume":"8","author":"Arora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Bioeng Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1176016","article-title":"Feeding the gut microbiome: impact on multiple sclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Bronzini","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00663","article-title":"Potential of prebiotic butyrogenic fibers in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"Cantu-Jungles","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176356","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids and their association with signalling pathways in inflammation, glucose and lipid metabolism","volume":"21","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.616883","article-title":"The contribution of gut microbiota-brain axis in the development of brain disorders","volume":"15","author":"Maiuolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040657","article-title":"Mechanisms of blood-brain barrier protection by microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids","volume":"12","author":"Fock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1857515","article-title":"Pomegranate peel extract ameliorates the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis via modulation of gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0135","article-title":"Modulation of gut microbiome community mitigates multiple sclerosis in a mouse model: the promising role of Palmaria palmata Alga as a prebiotic","volume":"16","author":"Yousof","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00440-6","article-title":"The International Scientific Association of Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of postbiotics","volume":"18","author":"Salminen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Rev, Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0137","article-title":"Postbiotics in human health: possible new functional ingredients?","volume":"137","author":"Hern\u00e1ndez-Granados","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Res Int (Ott Ont,)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"920","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-021-01016-7","article-title":"Selected clostridia strains from the Human microbiota and their metabolite, butyrate, improve experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis","volume":"18","author":"Calvo-Barreiro","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurother: J Am Soc Exp NeuroTher"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.035","article-title":"Propionic acid shapes the multiple sclerosis disease course by an immunomodulatory mechanism","volume":"180","author":"Duscha","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08711-2","article-title":"The short-chain fatty acid pentanoate suppresses autoimmunity by modulating the metabolic-epigenetic crosstalk in lymphocytes","volume":"10","author":"Luu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2020.00025","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids from gut microbiota in gut-brain communication","volume":"11","author":"Silva","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1007\/s10753-021-01596-8","article-title":"Methyl butyrate alleviates experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and regulates the balance of effector T cells and regulatory T cells","volume":"45","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Inflammation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0143","article-title":"The dual effect of acetate on microglial TNF-\u03b1 production","volume":"77","author":"Fragas","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin (Sao Paulo Braz)"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25063198","article-title":"The immunomodulatory potential of short-chain fatty acids in multiple sclerosis","volume":"25","author":"Barcutean","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1186\/s12974-019-1552-y","article-title":"Butyrate suppresses demyelination and enhances remyelination","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Neuroinflammation"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2015.09.007","article-title":"Dietary fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine","volume":"43","author":"Haghikia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.701626","article-title":"Propionic acid rescues high-fat diet enhanced immunopathology in autoimmunity via effects on Th17 responses","volume":"12","author":"Haase","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"895","DOI":"10.1111\/ene.15150","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids during pregnancy in multiple sclerosis: a prospective cohort study","volume":"29","author":"Cuello","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.10220","article-title":"Acetate correlates with disability and immune response in multiple sclerosis","volume":"8","author":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2020","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-food-030117-012757","article-title":"Synbiotics for improved human health: recent developments, challenges, and opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Krumbeck","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Food Sci Technol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-020-0344-2","article-title":"The International Scientific Association for Probiotics and Prebiotics (ISAPP) consensus statement on the definition and scope of synbiotics","volume":"17","author":"Swanson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev, Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/2638703","article-title":"Oxidative stress and dementia in Alzheimer\u2019s patients: effects of synbiotic supplementation","volume":"2020","author":"Ton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxidative Med Cell Longev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctcp.2023.101794","article-title":"Anti-inflammatory-antioxidant modifications and synbiotics improved health-related conditions in patients with progressive forms of multiple sclerosis: a single-center, randomized clinical trial","volume":"53","author":"Moravejolahkami","year":"2023","journal-title":"Complement Ther Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24497","article-title":"Clinical and pathological insights into the dynamic nature of the white matter multiple sclerosis plaque","volume":"78","author":"Frischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0155","first-page":"24","article-title":"Mechanisms of demyelination and remyelination strategies for multiple sclerosis","author":"Zhao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnmol.2023.1207007","article-title":"Remyelination in animal models of multiple sclerosis: finding the elusive grail of regeneration","volume":"16","author":"Packer","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Mol Neurosci"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1007\/s00401-009-0591-3","article-title":"The cuprizone animal model: new insights into an old story","volume":"118","author":"Kipp","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Neuropathol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(73)90119-6","article-title":"Remyelination of the superior cerebellar peduncle in the mouse following demyelination induced by feeding cuprizone","volume":"20","author":"Blakemore","year":"1973","journal-title":"J Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"457","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1038\/249577a0","article-title":"Pattern of remyelination in the CNS","volume":"249","author":"Blakemore","year":"1974","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.10.1.67","article-title":"Ultrastructural study of remyelination in an experimental lesion in adult cat spinal cord","volume":"10","author":"Bunge","year":"1961","journal-title":"J Biophys Biochem Cytol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2020.03.017","article-title":"Problems and pitfalls of identifying remyelination in multiple sclerosis","volume":"26","author":"Neumann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"issue":"28","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2025795118","article-title":"Live imaging of remyelination in the adult mouse corpus callosum","volume":"118","author":"Bottes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4767","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-25035-2","article-title":"Cortical neurons exhibit diverse myelination patterns that scale between mouse brain regions and regenerate after demyelination","volume":"12","author":"Call","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.56621","article-title":"Remyelination alters the pattern of myelin in the cerebral cortex","volume":"9","author":"Orthmann-Murphy","year":"2020","journal-title":"ELife"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0165","first-page":"53","article-title":"Autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (AHSCT): an evolving treatment avenue in multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol: Targets Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0166","first-page":"1","article-title":"A review on stem cell therapy for multiple sclerosis: special focus on human embryonic stem cells","volume":"11","author":"Shroff","year":"2018","journal-title":"Stem Cells Cloning: Adv Appl"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000003660","article-title":"High-dose immunosuppressive therapy and autologous HCT for relapsing-remitting MS","volume":"88","author":"Nash","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reth.2022.07.003","article-title":"Mesenchymal stem cell therapy: a review of clinical trials for multiple sclerosis","volume":"21","author":"Alanazi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Regen Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-019-3346-z","article-title":"MEsenchymal StEm cells for Multiple Sclerosis (MESEMS): a randomized, double blind, cross-over phase I\/II clinical trial with autologous mesenchymal stem cells for the therapy of multiple sclerosis","volume":"20","author":"Uccelli","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"10111","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2481","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32346-2","article-title":"Clemastine fumarate as a remyelinating therapy for multiple sclerosis (ReBUILD): a randomised, controlled, double-blind, crossover trial","volume":"390","author":"Green","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet (Lond Engl)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30377-5","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of opicinumab in acute optic neuritis (RENEW): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"16","author":"Cadavid","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet, Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(20)30347-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of MD1003 (high-dose biotin) in patients with progressive multiple sclerosis (SPI2): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial","volume":"19","author":"Cree","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet, Neurol"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2313","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0000000000011863","article-title":"Repurposing domperidone in secondary progressive multiple sclerosis","volume":"96","author":"Koch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"7471","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12647","article-title":"A regenerative approach to the treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"502","author":"Deshmukh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3420","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-17243-z","article-title":"EEF1A1 deacetylation enables transcriptional activation of remyelination","volume":"11","author":"Duman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"7555","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1038\/nature14335","article-title":"Drug-based modulation of endogenous stem cells promotes functional remyelination in vivo","volume":"522","author":"Najm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-024-00997-w","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies and CAR-T cells: dueling immunotherapies for large B-cell lymphomas","volume":"14","author":"Trabolsi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1038\/s41573-019-0028-1","article-title":"Bispecific antibodies: a mechanistic review of the pipeline","volume":"18","author":"Labrijn","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Rev, Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0179","series-title":"Pharmacology of the Blood Brain Barrier: Targeting CNS Disorders","first-page":"301","article-title":"Chapter ten - engineering and pharmacology of blood-brain barrier-permeable bispecific antibodies. In T.P.B.T.-A","volume":"71","author":"Stanimirovic","year":"2014"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4230","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-25-1034","article-title":"FDA approval summary: blinatumomab for the treatment of B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia in the consolidation phase of multiphase chemotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Rabik","year":"2025","journal-title":"Clin Cancer Res: Off J Am Assoc Cancer Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2078","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-021-22265-2","article-title":"Identifying multiple sclerosis subtypes using unsupervised machine learning and MRI data","volume":"12","author":"Eshaghi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0182","series-title":"OCT and Multiple Sclerosis BT - OCT and Imaging in Central Nervous System Diseases: The Eye as a Window to the Brain","first-page":"249","author":"Ka\u00e7ar","year":"2025"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289495","article-title":"Explainable artificial intelligence toward usable and trustworthy computer-aided diagnosis of multiple sclerosis from Optical coherence tomography","volume":"18","author":"Hernandez","year":"2023","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msard.2023.104725","article-title":"Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis using optical coherence tomography supported by artificial intelligence","volume":"74","author":"Ortiz","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mult Scler Relat Disord"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.media.2019.101546","article-title":"Predicting PET-derived demyelination from multimodal MRI using sketcher-refiner adversarial training for multiple sclerosis","volume":"58","author":"Wei","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med Image Anal"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01287-9","article-title":"Triage-driven diagnosis of Barrett\u2019s esophagus for early detection of esophageal adenocarcinoma using deep learning","volume":"27","author":"Gehrung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e265","DOI":"10.1016\/S2589-7500(23)00027-4","article-title":"Artificial intelligence for tumour tissue detection and histological regression grading in oesophageal adenocarcinomas: a retrospective algorithm development and validation study","volume":"5","author":"Tolkach","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Digit Health"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323235","article-title":"Occasional essay: Multiple sclerosis in the digital age: \u201cseeing through a glass darkly","volume":"91","author":"Compston","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0189","article-title":"Two patients with cerebral lesions: is it tumor or multiple sclerosis? Illustrative cases","volume":"4","author":"Friedrich","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Neurosurg: Case Lessons"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2015.00040","article-title":"Concurrence of multiple sclerosis and brain tumors","volume":"6","author":"Plantone","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front Neurol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1097\/RLI.0000000000000735","article-title":"Deep learning on conventional magnetic resonance imaging improves the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis mimics","volume":"56","author":"Rocca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Investig Radiol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2014.895","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy markers of disease progression in multiple sclerosis","volume":"71","author":"Llufriu","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0193","first-page":"E192","article-title":"Prediction of multiple sclerosis disease using machine learning classifiers: a comparative study","volume":"62","author":"Darvishi","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Prev Med Hyg"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-33077-8","article-title":"Machine-learning based lipid mediator serum concentration patterns allow identification of multiple sclerosis patients with high accuracy","volume":"8","author":"L\u00f6tsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1775","DOI":"10.1039\/C9SC04336E","article-title":"Target identification among known drugs by deep learning from heterogeneous networks","volume":"11","author":"Zeng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.compbiomed.2019.103492","article-title":"Analysis of defective pathways and drug repositioning in multiple Sclerosis via machine learning approaches","volume":"115","author":"deAndr\u00e9s-Galiana","year":"2019","journal-title":"Comput Biol Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0001222","article-title":"A network analysis of the human T-cell activation gene network identifies JAGGED1 as a therapeutic target for autoimmune diseases","volume":"2","author":"Palacios","year":"2007","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0198","first-page":"2304","article-title":"Predicting drug-target interactions from chemical and genomic kernels using Bayesian matrix factorization","volume":"28","author":"G\u00f6nen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bioinformatics (Oxford, England)"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S6","DOI":"10.1186\/1752-0509-4-S2-S6","article-title":"Semi-supervised drug-protein interaction prediction from heterogeneous biological spaces","volume":"4 Suppl 2","author":"Xia","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Syst Biol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1021\/ci9003865","article-title":"Ranking chemical structures for drug discovery: A new machine learning approach","volume":"50","author":"Agarwal","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Chem Inf Model"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.artmed.2015.02.002","article-title":"Machine learning in computational docking","volume":"63","author":"Khamis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Artif Intell Med"},{"issue":"11-12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1392","DOI":"10.1177\/13524585241277376","article-title":"Integrating large language models in care, research, and education in multiple sclerosis management","volume":"30","author":"Inojosa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Mult Scler (Houndmills Basingstoke Engl)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1356436","article-title":"Building digital patient pathways for the management and treatment of multiple sclerosis","volume":"15","author":"Wenk","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0204","series-title":"Revolutionizing MS Rehabilitation with Digital Twins and Machine Learning: A Promising Path to Precision Medicine BT - Deep Sciences for Computing and Communications","first-page":"182","author":"Palaniappan","year":"2024"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm15110503","article-title":"Digital Twins in personalized medicine: bridging innovation and clinical reality","volume":"15","author":"Silva","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Pers Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(19)30137-1","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of opicinumab in patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis (SYNERGY): a randomised, placebo-controlled, phase 2 trial","volume":"18","author":"Cadavid","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet, Neurol"},{"issue":"15_supplement","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"P3.2","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.92.15_supplement.P3.2-072","article-title":"Phase 2 AFFINITY trial evaluates Opicinumab in a targeted population of patients with relapsing multiple sclerosis: rationale, design and baseline characteristics (P3.2-072)","volume":"92","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(21)00179-4","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of bexarotene in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (CCMR One): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, phase 2a study","volume":"20","author":"Brown","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet, Neurol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2012.11.006","article-title":"GNbAC1, a humanized monoclonal antibody against the envelope protein of multiple sclerosis-associated endogenous retrovirus: a first-in-humans randomized clinical study","volume":"34","author":"Curtin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-016-8341-7","article-title":"Lesion remyelinating activity of GSK239512 versus placebo in patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis: a randomised, single-blind, phase II study","volume":"264","author":"Schwartzbach","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Neurol"}],"container-title":["Disease-a-Month"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0011502926001483?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0011502926001483?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T09:21:17Z","timestamp":1787390477000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0011502926001483"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":210,"alternative-id":["S0011502926001483"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210","relation":{},"ISSN":["0011-5029"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0011-5029","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Pathobiology-guided diagnostic advances, biomarker discovery, and emerging therapeutic strategies in progressive multiple sclerosis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Disease-a-Month","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.disamonth.2026.102210","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"102210"}}