{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T20:16:10Z","timestamp":1790972170821,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":190,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2010,6,1]],"date-time":"2010-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1275350400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digestive and Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,5,3]],"date-time":"2010-05-03T06:29:31Z","timestamp":1272868171000},"page":"409-418","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":142,"title":["Bile salts and cholestasis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"42","author":[{"given":"Lucas","family":"Maillette de Buy Wenniger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulrich","family":"Beuers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4333","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0600780103","article-title":"How bile acids confer gut mucosal protection against bacteria","volume":"103","author":"Hofmann","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.09.003","article-title":"The interaction between bacteria and bile","volume":"29","author":"Begley","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2461","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-008-7568-6","article-title":"Bile acids: chemistry, pathochemistry, biology, pathobiology, and therapeutics","volume":"65","author":"Hofmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Mol Life Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R900007-JLR200","article-title":"Bile acids as regulatory molecules","volume":"50","author":"Hylemon","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2008.00030.x","article-title":"Nuclear receptors as therapeutic targets in cholestatic liver diseases","volume":"156","author":"Zollner","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840120523","article-title":"Hepatic injury induced by bile salts: correlation between biochemical and morphological events","volume":"12","author":"Schmucker","year":"1990","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)34421-7","article-title":"Physicochemical properties of bile acids and their relationship to biological properties: an overview of the problem","volume":"25","author":"Hofmann","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.R001941","article-title":"Bile acids: analysis in biological fluids and tissues","author":"Griffiths","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib9","article-title":"Bile salts of vertebrates: structural variation and possible evolutionary significance","author":"Hofmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.804","article-title":"Bile acids: chemistry, physiology, and pathophysiology","volume":"15","author":"Monte","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1677","article-title":"Bile-acid-induced cell injury and protection","volume":"15","author":"Perez","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)43214-6","article-title":"Physicochemical and biological properties of natural and synthetic C-22 and C-23 hydroxylated bile acids","volume":"31","author":"Roda","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)41426-9","article-title":"Bile acid solubility and precipitation in vitro and in vivo: the role of conjugation, pH, and Ca2+ ions","volume":"33","author":"Hofmann","year":"1992","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep0521","article-title":"Drug insight: mechanisms and sites of action of ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestasis","volume":"3","author":"Beuers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)35109-9","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid in the Ursidae: biliary bile acids of bears, pandas, and related carnivores","volume":"34","author":"Hagey","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpc.2006.02.002","article-title":"Plasma levels of ursodeoxycholic acid in black bears, Ursus americanus: seasonal changes","volume":"143","author":"Sola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840170412","article-title":"Serum bile acids in primary biliary cirrhosis: effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy","volume":"17","author":"Poupon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19980087","article-title":"Faecal pH, bile acid and sterol concentrations in premenopausal Indian and white vegetarians compared with white omnivores","volume":"79","author":"Reddy","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/58.6.917","article-title":"Bile acids and pH values in total feces and in fecal water from habitually omnivorous and vegetarian subjects","volume":"58","author":"van Faassen","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"570","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/79.4.570","article-title":"Low-fat, high-carbohydrate and high-fat, low-carbohydrate diets decrease primary bile acid synthesis in humans","volume":"79","author":"Bisschop","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1746.2008.05681.x","article-title":"Is there a link between food and intestinal microbes and the occurrence of Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis?","volume":"23","author":"Asakura","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.physiol.64.082201.100300","article-title":"Bile salt transporters","volume":"64","author":"Meier","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1038\/3034","article-title":"A gene encoding a liver-specific ABC transporter is mutated in progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis","volume":"20","author":"Strautnieks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1039\/B814426E","article-title":"Identification of metabolites in human hepatic bile using 800MHz 1H NMR spectroscopy","volume":"5","author":"Duarte","year":"2009","journal-title":"HPLC-NMR\/MS and UPLC\u2013MS. Mol Biosyst"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib25","first-page":"G246","article-title":"Adenosine nucleotides in bile","volume":"270","author":"Chari","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib26","first-page":"402","article-title":"Two-dimensional electrophoresis for comparative proteomic analysis of human bile","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1021\/pr8004925","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of human bile from malignant biliary stenosis induced by pancreatic cancer","volume":"8","author":"Farina","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1074\/mcp.M400015-MCP200","article-title":"A proteomic analysis of human bile","volume":"3","author":"Kristiansen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018826521600","article-title":"The gallbladder also secretes","volume":"42","author":"Glickerman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib30","first-page":"2931","article-title":"Biliary mucin secreted by cultured human gallbladder epithelial cells carries the epitope of CA 19-9","volume":"17","author":"von Ritter","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anticancer Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2584","DOI":"10.2741\/3399","article-title":"The enterohepatic circulation of bile acids in mammals: form and functions","volume":"14","author":"Hofmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.067389","article-title":"Adaptive regulation of the ileal apical sodium dependent bile acid transporter (ASBT) in patients with obstructive cholestasis","volume":"55","author":"Hruz","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G179","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.90319.2008","article-title":"Ostalpha-Ostbeta is required for bile acid and conjugated steroid disposition in the intestine, kidney, and liver","volume":"295","author":"Ballatori","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2829","DOI":"10.2741\/3416","article-title":"OST alpha-OST beta: a key membrane transporter of bile acids and conjugated steroids","volume":"14","author":"Ballatori","year":"2009","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6843","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0006843","article-title":"Circadian dysregulation disrupts bile acid homeostasis","volume":"4","author":"Ma","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20653","article-title":"Secretin activation of the apical Na+-dependent bile acid transporter is associated with cholehepatic shunting in rats","volume":"41","author":"Alpini","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3553","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v12.i22.3553","article-title":"Bile acid interactions with cholangiocytes","volume":"12","author":"Xia","year":"2006","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.10.018","article-title":"24-norUrsodeoxycholic acid is superior to ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of sclerosing cholangitis in Mdr2 (Abcb4) knockout mice","volume":"130","author":"Fickert","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1795","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22969","article-title":"Activation of the cholehepatic shunt as a potential therapy for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"49","author":"Glaser","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.42.2.266","article-title":"Omeprazole induces altered bile acid metabolism","volume":"42","author":"Shindo","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(91)90870-H","article-title":"Formation of iso-ursodeoxycholic acid during administration of ursodeoxycholic acid in man","volume":"13","author":"Beuers","year":"1991","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.2133\/dmpk.24.201","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin suppresses Cyp3a in mouse liver by reducing lithocholic acid-producing intestinal flora","volume":"24","author":"Toda","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Metab Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"457","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041386","article-title":"Increasing ursodeoxycholic acid in the enterohepatic circulation of pigs through the administration of living bacteria","volume":"93","author":"Lepercq","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2004.08.030","article-title":"Regulatory network of lipid-sensing nuclear receptors: roles for CAR, PXR, LXR, and FXR","volume":"433","author":"Handschin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch Biochem Biophys"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20413","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M302108200","article-title":"Agonist-induced coordinated trafficking of functionally related transport proteins for water and ions in cholangiocytes","volume":"278","author":"Tietz","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G90","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00094.2009","article-title":"Bile acids inhibit duodenal secretin expression via orphan nuclear receptor small heterodimer partner (SHP)","volume":"297","author":"Lam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2009.03994.x","article-title":"Small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth in cirrhosis is related to the severity of liver disease","volume":"29","author":"Pande","year":"2009","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07475.x","article-title":"Small intestinal motility disturbances and bacterial overgrowth in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"98","author":"Gunnarsdottir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib49","first-page":"305","article-title":"Absence of intestinal bile promotes bacterial translocation","volume":"58","author":"Slocum","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1979","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.5.1979-1986.2006","article-title":"Mechanism of growth inhibition by free bile acids in lactobacilli and bifidobacteria","volume":"188","author":"Kurdi","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3920","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0509592103","article-title":"Regulation of antibacterial defense in the small intestine by the nuclear bile acid receptor","volume":"103","author":"Inagaki","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.12.040","article-title":"Bile salts control the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin through nuclear receptors in the human biliary epithelium","volume":"136","author":"D\u2019Aldebert","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1164","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.02.020","article-title":"For bugs in bile: the times they are a-changin","volume":"136","author":"Stange","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1159\/000129252","article-title":"The role of bile and bile acids in bacterial translocation in obstructive jaundice in rats","volume":"25","author":"Ding","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur Surg Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib55","first-page":"341","article-title":"Effects of bile acids on hepatocellular signaling and secretion","volume":"70","author":"Beuers","year":"1997","journal-title":"Yale J Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20090","article-title":"Cellular regulation of hepatic bile acid transport in health and cholestasis","volume":"39","author":"Anwer","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1021\/mp060010s","article-title":"Role of nuclear receptors in the adaptive response to bile acids and cholestasis: pathogenetic and therapeutic considerations","volume":"3","author":"Zollner","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mol Pharm"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840080430","article-title":"Hepatotoxic bile acids increase cytosolic Ca++ activity of isolated rat hepatocytes","volume":"8","author":"Anwer","year":"1988","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(93)90433-D","article-title":"Effects of tauroursodeoxycholic acid on cytosolic Ca2+ signals in isolated rat hepatocytes","volume":"104","author":"Beuers","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1996.v110.pm8613063","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic acid activates protein kinase C in isolated rat hepatocytes","volume":"110","author":"Beuers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.1999.0029900433","article-title":"Signal transduction and hepatocellular bile acid transport: cross talk between bile acids and second messengers","volume":"117","author":"Bouscarel","year":"1999","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2275(20)30029-8","article-title":"Activation of protein kinase C alpha and delta by bile acids: correlation with bile acid structure and diacylglycerol formation","volume":"38","author":"Rao","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2984","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI116921","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic acid stimulates hepatocellular exocytosis and mobilizes extracellular Ca++ mechanisms defective in cholestasis","volume":"92","author":"Beuers","year":"1993","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26638","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.41.26638","article-title":"The role of phosphoinositide 3-kinase in taurocholate-induced trafficking of ATP-dependent canalicular transporters in rat liver","volume":"273","author":"Misra","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5814","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.10.5814","article-title":"Phosphoinositide 3-kinase lipid products regulate ATP-dependent transport by sister of P-glycoprotein and multidrug resistance associated protein 2 in bile canalicular membrane vesicles","volume":"96","author":"Misra","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17810","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209898200","article-title":"Taurolithocholic acid exerts cholestatic effects via phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent mechanisms in perfused rat livers and rat hepatocyte couplets","volume":"278","author":"Beuers","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)00274-9","article-title":"Involvement of integrins and Src in tauroursodeoxycholate-induced and swelling-induced choleresis","volume":"124","author":"Haussinger","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1291","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20942","article-title":"Conjugated bile acids promote ERK1\/2 and AKT activation via a pertussis toxin-sensitive mechanism in murine and human hepatocytes","volume":"42","author":"Dent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cellsig.2008.06.014","article-title":"Bile acids and signal transduction: role in glucose homeostasis","volume":"20","author":"Nguyen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Signal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00010.2008","article-title":"Role of bile acids and bile acid receptors in metabolic regulation","volume":"89","author":"Lefebvre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1006","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0506982103","article-title":"Activation of the nuclear receptor FXR improves hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in diabetic mice","volume":"103","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601049","article-title":"Endocrine functions of bile acids","volume":"25","author":"Houten","year":"2006","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5620","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.14.5620","article-title":"Endocrine and paracrine role of bile acids","volume":"14","author":"Keitel","year":"2008","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1038\/nature04330","article-title":"Bile acids induce energy expenditure by promoting intracellular thyroid hormone activation","volume":"439","author":"Watanabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib75","first-page":"E37","article-title":"Cholate inhibits high-fat diet-induced hyperglycemia and obesity with acyl-CoA synthetase mRNA decrease","volume":"273","author":"Ikemoto","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1070477","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor as an intestinal bile acid sensor","volume":"296","author":"Makishima","year":"2002","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M700293-JLR200","article-title":"Lithocholic acid derivatives act as selective vitamin D receptor modulators without inducing hypercalcemia","volume":"49","author":"Ishizawa","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9435","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M209706200","article-title":"A G protein-coupled receptor responsive to bile acids","volume":"278","author":"Kawamata","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22168","article-title":"Bile acids induce eosinophil degranulation by two different mechanisms","volume":"33","author":"Yamazaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510250423","article-title":"Bile acids with differing hydrophilic-hydrophobic properties do not influence cytokine production by human monocytes and murine Kupffer cells","volume":"25","author":"Bergamini","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s007950000002","article-title":"A scanning electron microscope study on the effects of different bile salts on the epithelial lining of jejunal mucosa","volume":"33","author":"Oumi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Med Electron Microsc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510260102","article-title":"Cytotoxicity of bile salts against biliary epithelium: a study in isolated bile ductule fragments and isolated perfused rat liver","volume":"26","author":"Benedetti","year":"1997","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2647","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.159.22.2647","article-title":"The continuing importance of bile acids in liver and intestinal disease","volume":"159","author":"Hofmann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2004.06.001","article-title":"Mitochondrially-mediated toxicity of bile acids","volume":"203","author":"Palmeira","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70644-4","article-title":"Vitamin E reduces oxidant injury to mitochondria and the hepatotoxicity of taurochenodeoxycholic acid in the rat","volume":"114","author":"Sokol","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.1021\/bi00424a015","article-title":"Structural changes in vesicle membranes and mixed micelles of various lipid compositions after binding of different bile salts","volume":"27","author":"Schubert","year":"1988","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(98)70160-X","article-title":"The mitochondrial permeability transition: from biochemical curiosity to pathophysiological mechanism","volume":"115","author":"Lemasters","year":"1998","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-2728(98)00112-1","article-title":"The mitochondrial permeability transition in cell death: a common mechanism in necrosis, apoptosis and autophagy","volume":"1366","author":"Lemasters","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2009.06.009","article-title":"Mitochondrial calcium and the permeability transition in cell death","volume":"1787","author":"Lemasters","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1097\/01.MPG.0000170600.80640.88","article-title":"Human hepatic mitochondria generate reactive oxygen species and undergo the permeability transition in response to hydrophobic bile acids","volume":"41","author":"Sokol","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/S0925-4439(02)00224-7","article-title":"Mitochondrially mediated synergistic cell killing by bile acids","volume":"1637","author":"Rolo","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(95)90585-5","article-title":"Generation of hydroperoxides in isolated rat hepatocytes and hepatic mitochondria exposed to hydrophobic bile acids","volume":"109","author":"Sokol","year":"1995","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"498","DOI":"10.1203\/PDR.0b013e3181841ee1","article-title":"Resistance of young rat hepatic mitochondria to bile acid-induced permeability transition: potential role of alpha-tocopherol","volume":"64","author":"Gumpricht","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.22702","article-title":"Bile acid-induced rat hepatocyte apoptosis is inhibited by antioxidants and blockers of the mitochondrial permeability transition","volume":"33","author":"Yerushalmi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2003.01398.x","article-title":"Oral antioxidant supplementation for fatigue associated with primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a multicentre, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial","volume":"17","author":"Prince","year":"2003","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(03)01055-2","article-title":"Bile salt-induced hepatocyte apoptosis involves epidermal growth factor receptor-dependent CD95 tyrosine phosphorylation","volume":"125","author":"Reinehr","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.09.023","article-title":"Bile salt-induced apoptosis involves NADPH oxidase isoform activation","volume":"129","author":"Reinehr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2908","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M804585200","article-title":"Bile acid-induced apoptosis in hepatocytes is caspase-6-dependent","volume":"284","author":"Rust","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Biol Chem"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1563","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20246","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic acid protects rat hepatocytes from bile acid-induced apoptosis via activation of survival pathways","volume":"39","author":"Schoemaker","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1013","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd2755","article-title":"Cell death and endoplasmic reticulum stress: disease relevance and therapeutic opportunities","volume":"7","author":"Kim","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-991513","article-title":"Endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver injury","volume":"27","author":"Kaplowitz","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.08.095","article-title":"Interaction between caspase-8 activation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in glycochenodeoxycholic acid-induced apoptotic HepG2 cells","volume":"241","author":"Iizaka","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.200310015","article-title":"Involvement of caspase-4 in endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced apoptosis and Abeta-induced cell death","volume":"165","author":"Hitomi","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"828","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.1853","article-title":"Hepatocyte-specific ablation of Foxa2 alters bile acid homeostasis and results in endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"14","author":"Bochkis","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib105","first-page":"G407","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholate prevents biliary protein excretion induced by other bile salts in the rat","volume":"248","author":"Kitani","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2007.140871","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic acid exerts anticholestatic effects by a cooperative cPKC alpha-\/PKA-dependent mechanism in rat liver","volume":"57","author":"Wimmer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"398","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2006.050126","article-title":"Ca2+-dependent cytoprotective effects of ursodeoxycholic and tauroursodeoxycholic acid on the biliary epithelium in a rat model of cholestasis and loss of bile ducts","volume":"168","author":"Marzioni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.36088","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestatic liver disease: mechanisms of action and therapeutic use revisited","volume":"36","author":"Paumgartner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00092-7","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid \u2018mechanisms of action and clinical use in hepatobiliary disorders\u2019","volume":"35","author":"Lazaridis","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510280601","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid in cholestasis: potential mechanisms of action and therapeutic applications","volume":"28","author":"Beuers","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700371","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic acid inserts the bile salt export pump into canalicular membranes of cholestatic rat liver","volume":"86","author":"Dombrowski","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1206","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2001.24034","article-title":"Tauroursodeoxycholic acid inserts the apical conjugate export pump, Mrp2, into canalicular membranes and stimulates organic anion secretion by protein kinase C-dependent mechanisms in cholestatic rat liver","volume":"33","author":"Beuers","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1603","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.071","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid stimulates cholangiocyte fluid secretion in mice via CFTR-dependent ATP secretion","volume":"133","author":"Fiorotto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1592","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.020","article-title":"Cyclic AMP regulates bicarbonate secretion in cholangiocytes through release of ATP into bile","volume":"133","author":"Minagawa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1042\/0264-6021:3580001","article-title":"Stimulation of ATP secretion in the liver by therapeutic bile acids","volume":"358","author":"Nathanson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2790","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI1325","article-title":"A novel role for ursodeoxycholic acid in inhibiting apoptosis by modulating mitochondrial membrane perturbation","volume":"101","author":"Rodrigues","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20101","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid protects against secondary biliary cirrhosis in rats by preventing mitochondrial oxidative stress","volume":"39","author":"Serviddio","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1517\/13543784.10.7.1243","article-title":"The therapeutic effects of ursodeoxycholic acid as an anti-apoptotic agent","volume":"10","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2001","journal-title":"Expert Opin Investig Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.1999.1403","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid protects hepatocytes against oxidative injury via induction of antioxidants","volume":"263","author":"Mitsuyoshi","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2009.04.009","article-title":"EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of cholestatic liver diseases","volume":"51","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1548","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199105303242204","article-title":"A multicenter, controlled trial of ursodiol for the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis. UDCA-PBC Study Group","volume":"324","author":"Poupon","year":"1991","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1149","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840190512","article-title":"The Canadian multicenter double-blind randomized controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"19","author":"Heathcote","year":"1994","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(94)90021-3","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"106","author":"Lindor","year":"1994","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib124","first-page":"759","article-title":"A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"22","author":"Combes","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(00)80216-0","article-title":"Long-term effects of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis: results of a double-blind controlled multicentric trial. UDCA-Cooperative Group from the Spanish Association for the Study of the Liver","volume":"32","author":"Pares","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2000.20240","article-title":"The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on liver fibrosis progression in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"32","author":"Corpechot","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70183-5","article-title":"Combined analysis of randomized controlled trials of ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"113","author":"Poupon","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)11293-X","article-title":"Randomised controlled trials of ursodeoxycholic-acid therapy for primary biliary cirrhosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"354","author":"Goulis","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1799","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01235.x","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid for patients with primary biliary cirrhosis: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials using Bayesian approach as sensitivity analyses","volume":"102","author":"Gong","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1529","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2006.00634.x","article-title":"Long-term effects of mid-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary biliary cirrhosis: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"101","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"657","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)72401-6","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"355","author":"Lindor","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2004.11.009","article-title":"The effect of ursodeoxycholic acid therapy on the natural course of primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"128","author":"Corpechot","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.12.029","article-title":"Excellent long-term survival in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis and biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"130","author":"Pares","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22428","article-title":"Biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid and long-term prognosis in primary biliary cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Corpechot","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.01.003","article-title":"Improved prognosis of patients with primary biliary cirrhosis that have a biochemical response to ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"136","author":"Kuiper","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(90)90281-U","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"11","author":"Chazouilleres","year":"1990","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840140516","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a 30-month pilot study","volume":"14","author":"O\u2019Brien","year":"1991","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840160315","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis: a placebo-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Beuers","year":"1992","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529409103626","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid therapy in treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"204","author":"Stiehl","year":"1994","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol Suppl"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199703063361003","article-title":"Ursodiol for primary sclerosing cholangitis. Mayo Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis-Ursodeoxycholic Acid Study Group","volume":"336","author":"Lindor","year":"1997","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20370","article-title":"Effect of high-dose ursodeoxycholic acid on its biliary enrichment in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"40","author":"Rost","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.27965","article-title":"A preliminary trial of high-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"121","author":"Mitchell","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03777.x","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid as a therapy for patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"96","author":"Harnois","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2007.12.023","article-title":"High dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosig cholangitis is safe and effective","volume":"48","author":"Cullen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.08.017","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in primary sclerosing cholangitis: a 5-year multicenter, randomized, controlled study","volume":"129","author":"Olsson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"808","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.23082","article-title":"High-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for the treatment of primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"50","author":"Lindor","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib147","first-page":"378A","article-title":"Randomized, double-blind controlled trial of high-dose ursodeoxycholic acid for primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"48","author":"Lindor","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(01)00288-4","article-title":"Hepatic and extrahepatic malignancies in primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"36","author":"Bergquist","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-134-2-200101160-00008","article-title":"Ursodiol use is associated with lower prevalence of colonic neoplasia in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"134","author":"Tung","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"783","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2005.02650.x","article-title":"The impact of ursodeoxycholic acid on cancer, dysplasia and mortality in ulcerative colitis patients with primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"22","author":"Wolf","year":"2005","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"889","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2003.50156","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid as a chemopreventive agent in patients with ulcerative colitis and primary sclerosing cholangitis","volume":"124","author":"Pardi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3281108068","article-title":"The incidence of cholangiocarcinoma in primary sclerosing cholangitis after long-time treatment with ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"19","author":"Rudolph","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-933562","article-title":"Primary sclerosing cholangitis and cholangiocarcinoma","volume":"26","author":"Lazaridis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2004.01.002","article-title":"Liver transplantation for primary sclerosing cholangitis; predictors and consequences of hepatobiliary malignancy","volume":"40","author":"Brandsaeter","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1022","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(97)80146-8","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid in the treatment of cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized, double-blind study controlled with placebo","volume":"27","author":"Palma","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.2004.00167.x","article-title":"Clinical outcome in a series of cases of obstetric cholestasis identified via a patient support group","volume":"111","author":"Williamson","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-0528.2003.00029.x","article-title":"A randomised controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosyl-l-methionine in the treatment of gestational cholestasis","volume":"111","author":"Roncaglia","year":"2004","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20952","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial comparing dexamethasone and ursodeoxycholic acid","volume":"42","author":"Glantz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"894","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.06.019","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of ursodeoxycholic acid versus cholestyramine in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy","volume":"129","author":"Kondrackiene","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2006.077","article-title":"Randomized prospective comparative study of ursodeoxycholic acid and S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy","volume":"34","author":"Binder","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"544","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21987","article-title":"Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: amelioration of pruritus by UDCA is associated with decreased progesterone disulphates in urine","volume":"47","author":"Glantz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510230627","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid for liver disease associated with cystic fibrosis: a double-blind multicenter trial. The Italian Group for the Study of Ursodeoxycholic Acid in Cystic Fibrosis","volume":"23","author":"Colombo","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.3109\/00365529709007686","article-title":"Low-dose versus high-dose ursodeoxycholic acid in cystic fibrosis-related cholestatic liver disease. Results of a randomized study with 1-year follow-up","volume":"32","author":"van de Meeberg","year":"1997","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.510270126","article-title":"A two-year prospective study of the effect of ursodeoxycholic acid on urinary bile acid excretion and liver morphology in cystic fibrosis-associated liver disease","volume":"27","author":"Lindblad","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-1172-4-1","article-title":"Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis","volume":"4","author":"Davit-Spraul","year":"2009","journal-title":"Orphanet J Rare Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1448","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2001.23984","article-title":"The wide spectrum of multidrug resistance 3 deficiency: from neonatal cholestasis to cirrhosis of adulthood","volume":"120","author":"Jacquemin","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2006.05.009","article-title":"Drug hepatotoxicity","volume":"10","author":"Nathwani","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"975","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-128-12_Part_1-199806150-00002","article-title":"Ursodiol prophylaxis against hepatic complications of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"128","author":"Essell","year":"1998","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1096-8652(200005)64:1<32::AID-AJH6>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"The Japanese multicenter open randomized trial of ursodeoxycholic acid prophylaxis for hepatic veno-occlusive disease after stem cell transplantation","volume":"64","author":"Ohashi","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Hematol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1977","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2001-12-0159","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid for the prevention of hepatic complications in allogeneic stem cell transplantation","volume":"100","author":"Ruutu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2006.09.012","article-title":"Systematic review of controlled clinical trials on the use of ursodeoxycholic acid for the prevention of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"13","author":"Tay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol Blood Marrow Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1729","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22772","article-title":"Vascular disorders of the liver","volume":"49","author":"DeLeve","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.10.001","article-title":"European Association For The Study Of The Liver. EASL Clinical Practice Guidelines: management of chronic hepatitis B","volume":"50","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1335","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22759","article-title":"Diagnosis, management, and treatment of hepatitis C: an update","volume":"49","author":"Ghany","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50118","article-title":"A randomized controlled trial of ursodeoxycholic acid in patients with alcohol-induced cirrhosis and jaundice","volume":"37","author":"Pelletier","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20092","article-title":"Ursodeoxycholic acid for treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: results of a randomized trial","volume":"39","author":"Lindor","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3181\/0808-RM-255","article-title":"Taurocholate feeding to bile duct ligated rats prevents caffeic acid-induced bile duct damage by changes in cholangiocyte VEGF expression","volume":"234","author":"Mancinelli","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib178","first-page":"942","article-title":"Taurocholic acid feeding prevents tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced damage of cholangiocytes by a PI3K-mediated pathway","volume":"232","author":"Ueno","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp Biol Med (Maywood)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2007.01443.x","article-title":"Cytoprotective effects of taurocholic acid feeding on the biliary tree after adrenergic denervation of the liver","volume":"27","author":"Marzioni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1038\/ncpgasthep1179","article-title":"Mechanisms of disease: inborn errors of bile acid synthesis","volume":"5","author":"Sundaram","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.08.052","article-title":"Hepatocanalicular transport defects: pathophysiologic mechanisms of rare diseases","volume":"130","author":"Oude Elferink","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2007-985073","article-title":"Inborn errors of bile acid metabolism","volume":"27","author":"Heubi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.07.043","article-title":"Oral cholic acid for hereditary defects of primary bile acid synthesis: a safe and effective long-term therapy","volume":"137","author":"Gonzales","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22891","article-title":"Side chain structure determines unique physiologic and therapeutic properties of norursodeoxycholic acid in Mdr2\u2212\/\u2212 mice","volume":"49","author":"Halilbasic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20943","article-title":"Novel biotransformation and physiological properties of norursodeoxycholic acid in humans","volume":"42","author":"Hofmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22789","article-title":"Bile acids: trying to understand their chemistry and biology with the hope of helping patients","volume":"49","author":"Hofmann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/0016-5085(86)90859-0","article-title":"Effect of side-chain shortening on the physiologic properties of bile acids: hepatic transport and effect on biliary secretion of 23-nor-ursodeoxycholate in rodents","volume":"90","author":"Yoon","year":"1986","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib188","article-title":"FXR activation reverses insulin resistance and lipid abnormalities and protects against liver steatosis in Zucker (fa\/fa) obese rats","author":"Cipriani","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.104.079665","article-title":"Protective effects of 6-ethyl chenodeoxycholic acid, a farnesoid X receptor ligand, in estrogen-induced cholestasis","volume":"313","author":"Fiorucci","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015_bib190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00404.2009","article-title":"Farnesoid X receptor modulates renal lipid metabolism and diet-induced renal inflammation, fibrosis, and proteinuria","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Renal Physiol"}],"container-title":["Digestive and Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1590865810001064?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1590865810001064?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,27]],"date-time":"2021-10-27T02:10:31Z","timestamp":1635300631000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1590865810001064"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]},"references-count":190,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1590865810001064"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2010.03.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-8658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-8658","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2010,6]]}}}