{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T02:23:33Z","timestamp":1787624613669,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,1]],"date-time":"2011-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1306886400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Digestive and Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2010,12,17]],"date-time":"2010-12-17T04:29:29Z","timestamp":1292560169000},"page":"431-438","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":154,"title":["Gut microbiota and probiotics in chronic liver diseases"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"43","author":[{"given":"Claudia","family":"Cesaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo","family":"Tiso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna","family":"Del Prete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita","family":"Cariello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Concetta","family":"Tuccillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano","family":"Cotticelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Camillo","family":"del Vecchio Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmelina","family":"Loguercio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0b013e32830a70bc","article-title":"Gastrointestinal tract in liver disease: which organ is sick?","volume":"11","author":"Norman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1007\/s003840050236","article-title":"Gut liver axis","volume":"15","author":"Zeuzem","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int J Colorectal Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e328331b6b4","article-title":"The intestinal microbiota in health and disease: the influence of microbial products on immune cell homeostasis","volume":"25","author":"Abt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr Opin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.3.409","article-title":"Colonization resistance","volume":"38","author":"Vollaard","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2144","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05942.x","article-title":"Gut-liver axis: a new point of attack to treat chronic liver damage?","volume":"97","author":"Loguercio","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"704","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.156307","article-title":"Toll-like receptors as targets in chronic liver diseases","volume":"58","author":"Mencin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2008-07-019307","article-title":"TLRs and innate immunity","volume":"113","author":"Beutler","year":"2009","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21308","article-title":"Pattern recognition receptors: a contemporary view on liver diseases","volume":"44","author":"Szabo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22306","article-title":"Toll-like receptors and adaptor molecules in liver disease: update","volume":"48","author":"Seki","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1053\/he.2000.5634","article-title":"Kupffer cell activation by lipopolysaccharide in rats: role for lipopolysaccharide binding protein and toll-like receptor 4","volume":"31","author":"Su","year":"2000","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2006.01342.x","article-title":"Role of Kupffer cells in host defense and liver disease","volume":"26","author":"Bilzer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015546821875","article-title":"Systemic endotoxemia during chronic viral hepatitis","volume":"133","author":"Sozinov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1015803204883","article-title":"Possible participation of endotoxin of Gram-negative bacteria in pathogenesis of liver damage during viral hepatitis","volume":"133","author":"Sozinov","year":"2002","journal-title":"Bull Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612024606983","article-title":"Biological and clinical significance of endotoxemia in the course of hepatitis C virus infection","volume":"8","author":"Caradonna","year":"2002","journal-title":"Curr Pharm Des"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1627","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2007.08.003","article-title":"Viral and host factors induce macrophage activation and loss of toll-like receptor tolerance in chronic HCV infection","volume":"133","author":"Dolganiuc","year":"2007","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.1209","article-title":"Alcohol metabolites and lipopolysaccharide: roles in the development and\/or progression of alcoholic liver disease","volume":"15","author":"Schaffert","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6918(03)00034-9","article-title":"Effect of alcohol consumption on the gut","volume":"17","author":"Bode","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/37.4.322","article-title":"Microbes and mucosa in the regulation of intracolonic acetaldehyde concentration during ethanol challenge","volume":"37","author":"Visap\u00e4\u00e4","year":"2002","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-242-7_13","article-title":"Acetaldehyde-induced barrier disruption and paracellular permeability in Caco-2 cell monolayer","volume":"447","author":"Rao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03702.x","article-title":"Obesity and female gender increase breath ethanol concentration: potential implications for the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"96","author":"Nair","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.19267","article-title":"Increased gastrointestinal ethanol production in obese mice: implications for fatty liver disease pathogenesis","volume":"119","author":"Cope","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0110","first-page":"30","article-title":"Jejunal microflora in patients with chronic alcohol abuse","volume":"31","author":"Bode","year":"1984","journal-title":"Hepatogastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1159\/000201507","article-title":"Mucosal bacterial growth in the upper gastrointestinal tract in alcoholics (heavy drinkers)","volume":"58","author":"Hauge","year":"1997","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0120","first-page":"3","article-title":"Breath hydrogen excretion in patients with alcoholic liver disease-evidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth","volume":"31","author":"Bode","year":"1993","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.102.047852","article-title":"Prevention of alterations in intestinal permeability is involved in zinc inhibition of acute ethanol-induced liver damage in mice","volume":"305","author":"Lambert","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Pharmacol Exp Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1220","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.00946.x","article-title":"Nitric oxide-mediated intestinal injury is required for alcohol-induced gut leakiness and liver damage","volume":"33","author":"Tang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1989.tb00363.x","article-title":"Mechanism of suppression of cellular immunity induced by ethanol","volume":"13","author":"Jerrels","year":"1989","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1086\/315728","article-title":"Alcohol consumption by C57BL\/6 mice is associated with depletion of lymphoid cells from the gut-associated lymphoid tissues and altered resistance to oral infections with Salmonella typhimurium","volume":"182","author":"Sibley","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.03.030","article-title":"Obesity and the microbiota","volume":"136","author":"Tilg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15718","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407076101","article-title":"The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage","volume":"101","author":"B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"979","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0605374104","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying the resistance to diet-induced obesity in germ-free mice","volume":"104","author":"B\u00e4ckhed","year":"2007","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1761","DOI":"10.2337\/db06-1491","article-title":"Metabolic endotoxemia initiates obesity and insulin resistance","volume":"56","author":"Cani","year":"2007","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1194\/jlr.M800156-JLR200","article-title":"Chylomicrons promote intestinal absorption of lipopolysaccharides","volume":"50","author":"Ghoshal","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Lipid Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.2337\/db07-1403","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiota control metabolic endotoxemia-induced inflammation in high-fat diet-induced obesity and diabetes in mice","volume":"57","author":"Cani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1399","DOI":"10.1053\/gast.2000.19267","article-title":"Increased gastrointestinal ethanol production in obese mice: implications for fatty liver disease pathogenesis","volume":"119","author":"Cope","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(82)80403-4","article-title":"Hepatic steatosis after intestinal bypass. Prevention and reversal by metronidazole, irrespective of protein calorie malnutrition","volume":"82","author":"Drenick","year":"1982","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1802","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-199612270-00021","article-title":"Recurrence of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis following liver transplantation","volume":"62","author":"Kim","year":"1996","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.48.2.206","article-title":"The role of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, intestinal permeability, endotoxaemia, and tumour necrosis factor alpha in the pathogenesis of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"48","author":"Wigg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1026","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2008.01723.x","article-title":"Susceptibility to gut leakiness: a possible mechanism for endotoxaemia in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"28","author":"Farhadi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"G518","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00024.2006","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability in obese mice: new evidence in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"292","author":"Brun","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22848","article-title":"Increased intestinal permeability and tight junction alterations in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"49","author":"Miele","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.4065\/83.4.460","article-title":"Gut microbiota and its possible relationship with obesity","volume":"83","author":"Di Baise","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mayo Clin Proc"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbalip.2006.05.007","article-title":"Human originated bacteria, Lactobacillus rhamnosus PL60, produce conjugated linoleic acid and show anti-obesity effects in diet-induced obese mice","volume":"1761","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochim Biophys Acta"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/87.5.1219","article-title":"Energy intake is associated with endotoxemia in apparently healthy men","volume":"87","author":"Amar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.02.011","article-title":"Fructose consumption as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"48","author":"Ouyang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1452","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/138.8.1452","article-title":"Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in humans is associated with increased plasma endotoxin and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 concentrations and with fructose intake","volume":"138","author":"Thuy","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.01.035","article-title":"Antibiotics protect against fructose-induced hepatic lipid accumulation in mice: role of endotoxin","volume":"4","author":"Bergheim","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S121","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20993","article-title":"The hyperdynamic circulation of chronic liver diseases: from the patient to the molecule","volume":"43","author":"Iwakiri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1139","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840180520","article-title":"Increased serum nitrite and nitrate levels in patients with cirrhosis: relationship to endotoxemia","volume":"18","author":"Guarner","year":"1993","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1042\/cs0930219","article-title":"Hyperdynamic circulation of cirrhotic rats with ascites: role of endotoxin, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and nitric oxide","volume":"93","author":"Chu","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Sci (Lond)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80424-2","article-title":"Endotoxemia in patients with chronic liver diseases: relationship to severity of liver diseases, presences of esophageal varices, and hyperdynamic circulation","volume":"22","author":"Lin","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-6918(03)00024-6","article-title":"Gastrointestinal disorders of the critically ill. Bacterial translocation in the gut","volume":"17","author":"Wiest","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.23.2.403-411.1979","article-title":"Translocation of certain indigenous bacteria from the gastrointestinal tract to the mesenteric lymph nodes and other organs in a gnotobiotic mouse model","volume":"23","author":"Berg","year":"1979","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.33715","article-title":"Detection and identification of bacterial DNA in patients with cirrhosis and culture-negative, nonneutrocytic ascites","volume":"36","author":"Such","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"860","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.027425","article-title":"Bacterial DNA activates cell-mediated immune response and nitric oxide overproduction in peritoneal macrophages from patients with cirrhosis and ascites","volume":"53","author":"Franc\u00e9s","year":"2004","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50038","article-title":"Increased lipopolysaccharide binding protein in cirrhotic patients with marked immune and hemodynamic derangement","volume":"37","author":"Albillos","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2364","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.05791.x","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in human cirrhosis is associated with systemic endotoxaemia","volume":"97","author":"Bauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018899611006","article-title":"Altered small bowel motility in patients with liver cirrhosis depends on severity of liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Madrid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0295","first-page":"1044","article-title":"Orthotopic liver transplantation improves small bowel motility disorders in cirrhotic patients","volume":"92","author":"Madrid","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2003.07475.x","article-title":"Small intestinal motility disturbances and bacterial overgrowth in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension","volume":"98","author":"Gunnarsdottir","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1080\/00365520310004939","article-title":"Etiology of portal hypertension may influence gastrointestinal transit time","volume":"38","author":"Sadik","year":"2003","journal-title":"Scand J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840040109","article-title":"Reticuloendothelial system phagocytic activity in cirrhosis and its relation to bacterial infections and prognosis","volume":"4","author":"Rimola","year":"1984","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2003.05.002","article-title":"Alteration of intestinal intraepithelial lymphocytes and increased bacterial translocation in a murine model of cirrhosis","volume":"90","author":"Inamura","year":"2003","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0320","first-page":"305","article-title":"Absence of intestinal bile promotes bacterial translocation","volume":"58","author":"Slocum","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am Surg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50116","article-title":"Oral bile acids reduce bacterial overgrowth, bacterial translocation, and endotoxemia in cirrhotic rats","volume":"37","author":"Lorenzo-Z\u00fa\u00f1iga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20632","article-title":"Bacterial translocation (BT) in cirrhosis","volume":"41","author":"Wiest","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/108.6.652","article-title":"Histomorphometric study of portal hypertensive enteropathy","volume":"108","author":"Misra","year":"1997","journal-title":"Am J Clin Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.31656","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal alterations in experimental cirrhosis in the rat: role of oxygen free radicals","volume":"35","author":"Ramachandran","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0345","first-page":"G361","article-title":"Nitric oxide dilates tight junctions and depletes ATP in cultured Caco-2BBe intestinal epithelial monolayers","volume":"268","author":"Salzman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am J Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2009.05.001","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in patients with chronic liver diseases: its relationship with the aetiology and the entity of liver damage","volume":"42","author":"Cariello","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dig Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2002.30082","article-title":"Bacterial infections in cirrhosis: epidemiological changes with invasive procedure and norfloxacin prophylaxis","volume":"35","author":"Fernandez","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2008-1040319","article-title":"Bacterial infections, sepsis, and multiorgan failure in cirrhosis","volume":"28","author":"Tandon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Semin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2962","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04668.x","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with cirrhosis: prevalence and relation with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis","volume":"96","author":"Bauer","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.274.12.968","article-title":"Incidence, risk factors, and outcome of severe sepsis and septic shock in adults. A multicenter prospective study in intensive care units","volume":"274","author":"Brun-Buisson","year":"1995","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.038679","article-title":"Sepsis in cirrhosis: report on the 7th meeting of the International Ascites Club","volume":"54","author":"Wong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2004.048181","article-title":"Infection, coagulation, and variceal bleeding in cirrhosis","volume":"54","author":"Thalheimer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1968","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.03964.x","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"96","author":"Blei","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31785-5","article-title":"Hepatic encephalopathy, ammonia, glutamate, glutamine and oxidative stress","volume":"8","author":"Lemberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2005.11.013","article-title":"Effects of lactitol on intestinal microflora and plasma endotoxin in patients with chronic viral hepatitis","volume":"54","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.3181\/00379727-205-43703","article-title":"Lactobacillus feeding reduces endotoxemia and severity of experimental alcoholic liver (disease)","volume":"205","author":"Nanji","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc Soc Exp Biol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2008.12.009","article-title":"Lactobacillus GG treatment ameliorates alcohol-induced intestinal oxidative stress, gut leakiness, and liver injury in a rat model of alcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"43","author":"Forsyth","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0410","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1836","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01022.x","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis: a possible mechanism of alcohol-induced endotoxemia and alcoholic steatohepatitis in rats","volume":"33","author":"Mutlu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Alcohol Clin Exp Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1443-9573.2005.00230.x","article-title":"Experimental acute alcohol pancreatitis-related liver damage and endotoxemia: synbiotics but not metronidazole have a protective effect","volume":"6","author":"Marotta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin J Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.alcohol.2008.08.006","article-title":"Probiotics restore bowel flora and improve liver enzymes in human alcohol-induced liver injury: a pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Kirpich","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.02.015","article-title":"Effect of probiotic treatment on deranged neutrophil function and cytokine responses in patients with compensated alcoholic cirrhosis","volume":"48","author":"Stadlbauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50048","article-title":"Probiotics and antibodies to TNF inhibit inflammatory activity and improve nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5795","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i37.5795","article-title":"Protective effect of selenium-enriched Lactobacillus on CCl4-induced liver injury in mice and its possible mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2005","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2008.05.025","article-title":"Probiotics improve high fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance by increasing hepatic NKT cells","volume":"49","author":"Ma","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.22711","article-title":"VSL#3 probiotic treatment attenuates fibrosis without changes in steatohepatitis in a diet-induced nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model in mice","volume":"49","author":"Velayudham","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.108.101808","article-title":"Probiotics reduce the inflammatory response induced by a high-fat diet in the liver of young rats","volume":"139","author":"Esposito","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1097\/01.mcg.0000165671.25272.0f","article-title":"Beneficial effects of a probiotic VSL#3 on parameters of liver dysfunction in chronic liver diseases","volume":"39","author":"Loguercio","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0460","first-page":"CD005165","article-title":"Probiotics for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and\/or steatohepatitis","author":"Lirussi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S80","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0b013e318169c44e","article-title":"Probiotics and liver disease","volume":"42","author":"Sheth","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00395941","article-title":"Clinical uses of probiotics for stabilizing the gut mucosal barrier: successful strains and future challenges","volume":"70","author":"Salminen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2689","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.55.11.2689-2694.1987","article-title":"Role of anaerobic flora in the translocation of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic intestinal bacteria","volume":"55","author":"Wells","year":"1987","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1023729115659","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus-fermented diets on bacterial translocation and intestinal flora in experimental prehepatic portal hypertension","volume":"48","author":"Wiest","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00003-X","article-title":"Failure of Lactobacillus spp. to prevent bacterial translocation in a rat model of experimental cirrhosis","volume":"36","author":"Bauer","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00142-3","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus johnsonii La1 and antioxidants on intestinal flora and bacterial translocation in rats with experimental cirrhosis","volume":"37","author":"Chiva","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1097\/00007890-200207150-00021","article-title":"Early enteral supply of Lactobacillus and fiber versus selective bowel decontamination: a controlled trial in liver transplant recipients","volume":"74","author":"Rayes","year":"2002","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-6143.2004.00649.x","article-title":"Supply of pre- and probiotics reduces bacterial infection rates after liver transplantation\u2014a randomized, double-blind trial","volume":"5","author":"Rayes","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Transplant"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20194","article-title":"Synbiotic modulation of gut flora: effect on minimal hepatic encephalopathy in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"39","author":"Liu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1111","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e3282efa40e","article-title":"The effect of probiotics on gut flora, level of endotoxin and Child-Pugh score in cirrhotic patients: results of a double-blind randomized study","volume":"19","author":"Lata","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9270(99)00785-6","article-title":"Probiotics for the hemodynamic alterations of patients with liver cirrhosis","volume":"95","author":"De Santis","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02020.x","article-title":"Effects of probiotic therapy on portal pressure in patients with cirrhosis: a pilot study","volume":"29","author":"Tandon","year":"2009","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-9877(03)00192-0","article-title":"Probiotics can treat hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"61","author":"Solga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Med Hypotheses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/0168-8278(95)80309-2","article-title":"Long-term effects of Enterococcus faecium SF68 versus lactulose in the treatment of patients with cirrhosis and grade 1-2 hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"23","author":"Loguercio","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1177\/030006058701500602","article-title":"Enterococcus lactic acid bacteria strain SF68 and lactulose in hepatic encephalopathy: a controlled study","volume":"15","author":"Loguercio","year":"1987","journal-title":"J Int Med Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-006-9687-y","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum with fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) treatment in minimal hepatic encephalopathy: a randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"52","author":"Malaguarnera","year":"2007","journal-title":"Dig Dis Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1707","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2008.01861.x","article-title":"Probiotic yogurt for the treatment of minimal hepatic encephalopathy","volume":"103","author":"Bajaj","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015_bib0550","first-page":"6","article-title":"Minimal hepatic encephalopathy: time to recognise and treat","volume":"29","author":"Dhiman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol"}],"container-title":["Digestive and Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1590865810003531?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1590865810003531?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,6,14]],"date-time":"2020-06-14T16:07:10Z","timestamp":1592150830000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1590865810003531"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]},"references-count":110,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1590865810003531"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2010.10.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-8658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-8658","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,6]]}}}