{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T13:09:49Z","timestamp":1790514589164,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dldjournalonline.com","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digestive and Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,5,30]],"date-time":"2016-05-30T21:46:31Z","timestamp":1464644791000},"page":"851-859","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":76,"title":["Are proton pump inhibitors really so dangerous?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"48","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6803-1952","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincenzo","family":"Savarino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Dulbecco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3187-2894","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Edoardo","family":"Savarino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2008.05.021","article-title":"Control of gastric acid secretion in health and disease","volume":"134","author":"Schubert","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302084","article-title":"Management of Helicobacter pylori infection \u2013 the Maastricht IV\/Florence consensus report","volume":"61","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0405","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.08.023","article-title":"Safety of proton pump inhibitor exposure","volume":"139","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0410","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors affect the gut microbiome","author":"Imhann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2009.12.022","article-title":"Increased incidence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth during proton pump inhibitor therapy","volume":"8","author":"Lombardo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.2010.02419.x","article-title":"Effects of long-term PPI treatment on producing bowel symptoms and SIBO","volume":"41","author":"Compare","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Clinical Investigation"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1257","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01758.x","article-title":"Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients suffering from scleroderma: clinical effectiveness of its eradication","volume":"103","author":"Parodi","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/00042737-199408000-00009","article-title":"Increased incidence of bacterial diarrhea in patients taking gastric acid antisecretory drugs","volume":"6","author":"Nwokolo","year":"1994","journal-title":"European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2007.09.010","article-title":"Use of acid-suppressing drugs and the risk of bacterial gastroenteritis","volume":"5","author":"Garcia Rodriguez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-010-1560-3","article-title":"Adverse effects of long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy","volume":"56","author":"Sheen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2011.09.030","article-title":"Association between proton pump inhibitor therapy and Clostridium difficile infection in a meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Deshpande","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2047","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2007.01275.x","article-title":"Systematic review of the risk on enteric infection in patients taking acid suppression","volume":"102","author":"Leonard","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S10","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.46","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use and enteric infections","volume":"104","author":"Dial","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1093\/qjmed\/hcn035","article-title":"Overuse and inappropriate prescribing of proton pump inhibitors in patients with Clostridium difficile-associated disease","volume":"101","author":"Choudhry","year":"2008","journal-title":"Quarterly Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-1241.2011.02650.x","article-title":"Association between proton pump inhibitors and spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients \u2013 a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"65","author":"Trikudanathan","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of Clinical Practice"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1413","DOI":"10.1345\/aph.1R174","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use and association with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis and ascites","volume":"46","author":"Siple","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annals of Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7490","DOI":"10.4238\/2015.July.3.25","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in cirrhotic patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Xu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genetics and Molecular Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.10.012","article-title":"Low prevalence of hypomagnesemia in long-term recipients of proton pump inhibitors in a managed care cohort","volume":"14","author":"Sharara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1097\/MOG.0b013e3282f37b59","article-title":"Recent developments in intestinal magnesium absorption","volume":"24","author":"Quamme","year":"2008","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2012.05201.x","article-title":"Systematic review: hypomagnesemia induced by proton pump inhibition","volume":"36","author":"Hess","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2947","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.296.24.2947","article-title":"Long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy and risk of hip fracture","volume":"296","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-006-0021-7","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors, histamine H2 receptor antagonists, and other antacid medications and the risk of fracture","volume":"79","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0505","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.071330","article-title":"Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of osteoporosis-related fractures","volume":"179","author":"Targownik","year":"2008","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2009.11.014","article-title":"Proton-pump inhibitor use is not associated with osteoporosis or accelerated bone mineral density loss","volume":"138","author":"Targownik","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e328348a56a","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors therapy and risk of hip fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"23","author":"Ye","year":"2011","journal-title":"European Journal of Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0520","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1209","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.113","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and risk of fracture: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"106","author":"Ngamruengphong","year":"2011","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2010.03.055","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and histamine H2 receptor antagonists are associated with hip fractures among at-risk patients","volume":"139","author":"Corley","year":"2010","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1592\/phco.28.8.951","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use and risk of hip fractures in patients without major risk factors","volume":"28","author":"Kaye","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2005.02.007","article-title":"Effects of proton pump inhibitors on calcium carbonate absorption in women: a randomized crossover trial","volume":"118","author":"O\u2019Connell","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02556841","article-title":"Omeprazole, a specific inhibitor of H+ K+ ATPase, inhibits bone resorption in vitro","volume":"38","author":"Tuukkanen","year":"1986","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-008-9170-1","article-title":"Acid-suppressive medications and risk of bone loss and fracture in older adults","volume":"83","author":"Yu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Calcified Tissue International"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"552","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2013-304738","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hospitalisation for community-acquired pneumonia: replicated cohort studies with meta-analysis","volume":"63","author":"Filion","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.9.950","article-title":"Use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia: a population-based case-control study","volume":"167","author":"Gulmez","year":"2007","journal-title":"Archives of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1955","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.292.16.1955","article-title":"Risk of community-acquired pneumonia and use of gastric acid-suppressive drugs","volume":"292","author":"Laheij","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-149-6-200809160-00005","article-title":"Proton-pump inhibitor use and the risk for community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"149","author":"Sarkar","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0570","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04284.x","article-title":"Meta-analysis: proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of community-acquired pneumonia","volume":"31","author":"Johnstone","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12069","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor therapy predisposes to community-acquired Streptococcus pneumoniae pneumonia","volume":"36","author":"De Jager","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.5492","article-title":"Seven-year follow-up of a randomized clinical trial comparing proton pump inhibition with surgical therapy for reflux esophagitis","volume":"94","author":"Lundell","year":"2007","journal-title":"British Journal of Surgery"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2008.148833","article-title":"Comparing laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery to esomeprazole in the management of patients with chronic gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a 3-year interim analysis of the LOTUS trial","volume":"57","author":"Lundell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2008.09.016","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor in GORD: an overview of their pharmacology, efficacy and safety","volume":"59","author":"Savarino","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pharmacological Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2009.261","article-title":"Risk of adverse outcomes associated with concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors following acute coronary syndrome","volume":"301","author":"Ho","year":"2009","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0600","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2009.722","article-title":"Gastric acid-reducing medications and clopidogrel: what are the latest FDA recommendations?","volume":"105","author":"Alkhatib","year":"2010","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-153-6-201009210-00005","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors are associated with increased cardiovascular risk independent of clopidogrel use: a nationwide cohort study","volume":"153","author":"Charlot","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124653","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124653","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor usage and the risk of myocardial infarction in the general population","volume":"10","author":"Shah","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.003602","article-title":"Unexpected effect of proton pump inhibitors: elevation of the cardiovascular risk factor asymmetric dimethylarginine","volume":"128","author":"Ghebrenariam","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S216","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(16)30801-0","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of the effect of long-term proton pump inhibitor (PPI) use on the prevalence of ischemic heart disease (IHD)","volume":"150","author":"Syed","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3428","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.05345.x","article-title":"Acute interstitial nephritis due to omeprazole","volume":"96","author":"Myers","year":"2001","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2005.11.004","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitors and acute interstitial nephritis","volume":"4","author":"Geevasinga","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0635","article-title":"Proton pump inhibitor use and the risk of chronic kidney disease","author":"Lazarus","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Internal Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"584","DOI":"10.1080\/07315724.1994.10718452","article-title":"Effect of hypochlorydria due to omeprazole treatment or atrophic gastritis on protein-bound vitamin B12 absorption","volume":"13","author":"Saltzman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal of the American College of Nutrition"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.1996.27169000.x","article-title":"Effect of short- and long-term treatment with omeprazole on the absorption and serum levels of cobalamin","volume":"10","author":"Schenk","year":"1996","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528708991873","article-title":"The effect of omeprazole on gastric acidity and the absorption of liver cobalamins","volume":"22","author":"Kittang","year":"1987","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03601.x","article-title":"Long-term use of proton pump inhibitors and vitamin B12 status in elderly individuals","volume":"27","author":"Den Elzen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2003.08.015","article-title":"A case-control study on adverse effects: H2 blocker or proton pump inhibitor use and risk of vitamin B12 deficiency in older adults","volume":"57","author":"Valuck","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Clinical Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1110","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03658.x","article-title":"Vitamin B12 deficiency in hypersecretors during long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors","volume":"27","author":"Hirshowitz","year":"2008","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198708273170903","article-title":"Gastrointestinal absorption of calcium from milk and calcium salts","volume":"317","author":"Sheikh","year":"1987","journal-title":"New England Journal of Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0675","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4684-9111-1_12","article-title":"Low gastric hydrochloric acid secretion and mineral bioavailability","volume":"249","author":"Champagne","year":"1989","journal-title":"Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpg.2013.06.001","article-title":"Safety of long-term PPI therapy","volume":"27","author":"Reimer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Best Practice and Research: Clinical Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2015.4791","article-title":"Association of proton pump inhibitors with risk of dementia: a pharmacoepidemiological claims data analysis","author":"Gomm","year":"2016","journal-title":"JAMA Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1007\/s00406-014-0554-0","article-title":"Risk of dementia in elderly patients with the use of proton pump inhibitors","volume":"265","author":"Haenisch","year":"2015","journal-title":"European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e58837","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0058837","article-title":"The proton pump inhibitor lansoprazole enhances amyloid beta production","volume":"8","author":"Badiola","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0700","first-page":"248","article-title":"The association between cognition and histamine 2 \u2013 receptor antagonists in African Americans","volume":"55","author":"Boustain","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1532-5415.2010.03275.x","article-title":"Histamine 2 \u2013 receptor antagonist use and incident dementia in an older cohort","volume":"59","author":"Agray","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of the American Geriatrics Society"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0889-8553(21)00461-1","article-title":"Drug-induced changes of plasma gastrin concentration","volume":"19","author":"Pounder","year":"1990","journal-title":"Gastroenterology Clinics of North America"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0715","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00768.x","article-title":"Review article: potential gastrointestinal effects of long-term acid suppression with proton pump inhibitors","volume":"14","author":"Laine","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1159\/000200245","article-title":"Enterochromaffin-like cell carcinoids in the rat gastric mucosa following long-term administration of ranitidine","volume":"45","author":"Havu","year":"1990","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.3109\/00365528809090174","article-title":"Endocrine cells in the human oxyntic mucosa. A histochemical study","volume":"23","author":"Simonsson","year":"1988","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1159\/000200923","article-title":"Clinical significance of hypergastrinemia: relevance to gastrin monitoring during omeprazole therapy","volume":"51","author":"Freston","year":"1992","journal-title":"Digestion"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0735","first-page":"1402","article-title":"Increase of Helicobacter pylori associated corpus gastritis during acid suppressive therapy: implications for long-term safety","volume":"90","author":"Kuipers","year":"1995","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0740","first-page":"1273","article-title":"Gastric carcinoid associated with ranitidine in a patient with renal failure","volume":"88","author":"Rao","year":"1993","journal-title":"American Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1770","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(05)71964-4","article-title":"Omeprazole in oesophageal reflux disease","volume":"356","author":"Dawson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1018881617038","article-title":"Human gastric carcinoid detected during long-term anti-ulcer therapy of H2-receptor antagonist and proton pump inhibitor","volume":"43","author":"Haga","year":"1998","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2011.627444","article-title":"Gastric neuroendocrine carcinoma after long-term use of proton pump inhibitor","volume":"47","author":"Jianu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12012","article-title":"Gastric carcinoids after long-term use of proton pump inhibitor","volume":"36","author":"Jianu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2013.878381","article-title":"Gastric carcinoid in the absence of atrophic body gastritis and with low Ki67 index: a clinical challenge","volume":"49","author":"Lahner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.3109\/00365521.2015.1054426","article-title":"Gastric neuroendocrine neoplasms and proton pump inhibitors: fact or coincidence","volume":"50","author":"Cavalcoli","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-015-4014-0","article-title":"Solitary gastric carcinoid tumor associated with long-term use of omeprazole: a case report and review of the literature","volume":"61","author":"Nandy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Digestive Diseases and Sciences"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2036.2000.00750.x","article-title":"Personal review: alarmism or legitimate concerns about long-term suppression of gastric acid secretion","volume":"14","author":"Yeomans","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alimentary Pharmacology and Therapeutics"}],"container-title":["Digestive and Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1590865816304352?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1590865816304352?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,30]],"date-time":"2022-06-30T21:17:29Z","timestamp":1656623849000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1590865816304352"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":78,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]}},"alternative-id":["S1590865816304352"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-8658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-8658","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Are proton pump inhibitors really so dangerous?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Digestive and Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2016.05.018","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}