{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T02:16:05Z","timestamp":1772331365889,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,1]],"date-time":"2023-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1693526400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","dldjournalonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digestive and Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,5]],"date-time":"2023-04-05T18:54:55Z","timestamp":1680720895000},"page":"1208-1213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Exploring the causality between educational attainment and gastroesophageal reflux disease: A Mendelian randomization study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Gui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Junyang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianhao","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yiyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenjing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lijuan","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xiaowen","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1472","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.1438","article-title":"Review of gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"325","author":"Mehta","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"561","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(19)30408-X","article-title":"The global, regional, and national burden of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease in 195 countries and territories, 1990\u20132017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"5","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2017.1877","article-title":"Association of educational attainment with lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"177","author":"Kubota","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2015.01.017","article-title":"Educational attainment and longevity: results from the REGARDS U.S. national cohort study of blacks and whites","volume":"25","author":"Kaplan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2011.02.388","article-title":"Association of educational attainment with chronic disease and mortality: the Kidney Early Evaluation Program (KEEP)","volume":"58","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.3329\/bmrcb.v38i3.14338","article-title":"Prevalence and risk factors for gastro-esophageal reflux disease in the North-Eastern part of Bangladesh","volume":"38","author":"Shaha","year":"2012","journal-title":"Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-016-0452-1","article-title":"Prevalence of gastro-esophageal reflux disease and its risk factors in a community-based population in southern India","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S395777","article-title":"Prevalence, general and periodontal risk factors of gastroesophageal reflux disease in China","volume":"16","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"doab058","DOI":"10.1093\/dote\/doab058","article-title":"Demographic and lifestyle risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett's esophagus in Australia","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Dis Esophagus"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2015.18","article-title":"Risk factors on the development of new-onset gastroesophageal reflux symptoms. A population-based prospective cohort study: the HUNT study","volume":"110","author":"Hallan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.14740\/jocmr3292w","article-title":"Prevalence of gastroesophageal reflux disease in Saudi Arabia","volume":"10","author":"Alsuwat","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Med Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh132","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: prospects, potentials, and limitations","volume":"33","author":"Smith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.673451","article-title":"Educational attainment decreases the risk of COVID-19 severity in the European population: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"9","author":"Yoshikawa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"743","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyz121","article-title":"Education and lung cancer: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"48","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.09.068","article-title":"Education and heart failure: new insights from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study and mendelian randomization study","volume":"324","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Cardiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-020-01647-w","article-title":"Educational attainment protects against type 2 diabetes independently of cognitive performance: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"58","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1112","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0147-3","article-title":"Gene discovery and polygenic prediction from a genome-wide association study of educational attainment in 1.1 million individuals","volume":"50","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyt179","article-title":"Calculating statistical power in Mendelian randomization studies","volume":"42","author":"Brion","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4219","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-11968-2","article-title":"Gastroesophageal reflux GWAS identifies risk loci that also associate with subsequent severe esophageal diseases","volume":"10","author":"An","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyu176","article-title":"Network Mendelian randomization: using genetic variants as instrumental variables to investigate mediation in causal pathways","volume":"44","author":"Burgess","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1614","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2021.18236","article-title":"Strengthening the reporting of observational studies in epidemiology using Mendelian randomization: the STROBE-MR statement","volume":"326","author":"Skrivankova","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21965","article-title":"Consistent estimation in Mendelian randomization with some invalid instruments using a weighted median estimator","volume":"40","author":"Bowden","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv080","article-title":"Mendelian randomization with invalid instruments: effect estimation and bias detection through Egger regression","volume":"44","author":"Bowden","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"R1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R89","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddu328","article-title":"Mendelian randomization: genetic anchors for causal inference in epidemiological studies","volume":"23","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum Mol Genet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-021-00757-1","article-title":"Mendelian randomisation for mediation analysis: current methods and challenges for implementation","volume":"36","author":"Carter","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e34408","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","article-title":"The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome","volume":"7","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1097\/MCG.0000000000000854","article-title":"Review team: world Gastroenterology Organisation Global Guidelines: GERD global perspective on gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"51","author":"Hunt","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0028","first-page":"106","article-title":"Risk factors associated with gastroesophageal reflux disease relapse in primary care patients successfully treated with a proton pump inhibitor","volume":"82","author":"L\u00f3pez-Colombo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev Gastroenterol Mex"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-313589","article-title":"Global prevalence of, and risk factors for gastro-oesophageal reflux symptoms: a meta-analysis","volume":"67","author":"Eusebi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0030","first-page":"S38","article-title":"Which drugs are risk factors for the development of gastroesophageal reflux disease?","volume":"28","author":"Mungan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Turk J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"984","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2022.01.025","article-title":"AGA Clinical practice update on the personalized approach to the evaluation and management of GERD: expert Review","volume":"20","author":"Yadlapati","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2021.725840","article-title":"Readability and comprehension of printed patient education materials","volume":"9","author":"Szab\u00f3","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031816-044628","article-title":"The relationship between education and health: reducing disparities through a contextual approach","volume":"39","author":"Zajacova","year":"2018","journal-title":"Annu Rev Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0034","series-title":"Education, social status, and health","author":"Mirowsky","year":"2003"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/30.5.1119","article-title":"Education, lifestyle factors and mortality from cardiovascular disease and cancer. A 25-year follow-up of Swedish 50-year-old men","volume":"30","author":"Kilander","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.eurheartj.a014903","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors in relation to educational level in 36 000 men and women in The Netherlands","volume":"17","author":"Hoeymans","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1852","DOI":"10.1377\/hlthaff.2011.0685","article-title":"Where health disparities begin: the role of social and economic determinants\u2013and why current policies may make matters worse","volume":"30","author":"Woolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Health Aff (Millwood)"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dym250","article-title":"Educational attainment and cigarette smoking: a causal association?","volume":"37","author":"Gilman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.83.6.830","article-title":"Level of education and alcohol abuse and dependence in adulthood: a further inquiry","volume":"83","author":"Crum","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"350","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08138.x","article-title":"Unbundling education: a critical discussion of what education confers and how it lowers risk for disease and death","volume":"896","author":"Yen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000001538","article-title":"ACG clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease","volume":"117","author":"Katz","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1270","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyaa082","article-title":"Genetic evidence that higher central adiposity causes gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"49","author":"Green","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.122.20286","article-title":"Independent associations of education, intelligence, and cognition with hypertension and the mediating effects of cardiometabolic risk factors: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"80","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.4239\/wjd.v12.i3.261","article-title":"Causal effect of education on type 2 diabetes: a network Mendelian randomization study","volume":"12","author":"Liao","year":"2021","journal-title":"World J Diabetes"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy131","article-title":"Investigating causality in associations between education and smoking: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"47","author":"Gage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4355","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-019-0596-9","article-title":"Educational attainment and drinking behaviors: mendelian randomization study in UK Biobank","volume":"26","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol Psychiatry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1002\/gepi.21998","article-title":"Bias due to participant overlap in two-sample Mendelian randomization","volume":"40","author":"Burgess","year":"2016","journal-title":"Genet Epidemiol"}],"container-title":["Digestive and Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1590865823005194?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1590865823005194?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,28]],"date-time":"2025-10-28T04:22:22Z","timestamp":1761625342000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1590865823005194"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"references-count":47,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1590865823005194"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-8658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-8658","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Exploring the causality between educational attainment and gastroesophageal reflux disease: A Mendelian randomization study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Digestive and Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2023.03.006","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2023 Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}