{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T12:31:40Z","timestamp":1786710700089,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782345600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","dldjournalonline.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Digestive and Liver Disease"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T20:26:46Z","timestamp":1784924806000},"page":"1139-1147","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Evaluation and interpretation of Hawthorne and other trial-related effects in Celiac Disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"58","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0238-7865","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorina","family":"Pjetraj","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Lionetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"Pulvirenti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rosaria","family":"Gesuita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5727-2918","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carlo","family":"Catassi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10344","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(22)00794-2","article-title":"Coeliac disease","volume":"399","author":"Catassi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"369","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000003540","article-title":"ESPGHAN position paper on management and follow-up of children and adolescents with Celiac disease","volume":"75","author":"Mearin","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1186\/s12876-018-0740-z","article-title":"Rate and determinants of non-adherence to a gluten-free diet and nutritional status assessment in children and adolescents with celiac disease in a tertiary Brazilian referral center: a cross-sectional and retrospective study","volume":"18","author":"Rodrigues","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13072274","article-title":"Challenges of monitoring the gluten-free diet adherence in the management and follow-up of patients with celiac disease","volume":"13","author":"Wieser","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2016.01.021","article-title":"Is it gluten-free? Relationship between self-reported gluten-free diet adherence and knowledge of gluten content of foods","volume":"32","author":"Silvester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"674","DOI":"10.1515\/cclm-2023-1076","article-title":"Monitoring patients with celiac disease on gluten free diet: different outcomes comparing three tissue transglutaminase IgA assays","volume":"62","author":"Mulder","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine (CCLM)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"281","DOI":"10.1080\/14789450.2023.2270775","article-title":"The use of urine peptidomics to define dietary gluten peptides from patients with celiac disease and the clinical relevance","volume":"20","author":"Monachesi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Expert Rev Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.16847","article-title":"Review article: follow-up of coeliac disease","volume":"56","author":"Tye-Din","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/85.1.160","article-title":"A prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial to establish a safe gluten threshold for patients with celiac disease","volume":"85","author":"Catassi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"m2632","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.m2632","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic test accuracy studies (PRISMA-DTA): explanation, elaboration, and checklist","volume":"370","author":"Salameh","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1545","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v30.i11.1545","article-title":"Effect of Aspergillus niger prolyl endopeptidase in patients with celiac disease on a long-term gluten-free diet","volume":"30","author":"Stefanolo","year":"2024","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2008.03832.x","article-title":"Clinical trial: gluten microchallenge with wheat-based starch hydrolysates in coeliac disease patients \u2013 a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study to evaluate safety","volume":"28","author":"Kaukinen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-13-40","article-title":"Trace gluten contamination may play a role in mucosal and clinical recovery in a subgroup of diet-adherent non-responsive celiac disease patients","volume":"13","author":"Hollon","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.004","article-title":"No difference between latiglutenase and placebo in reducing villous atrophy or improving symptoms in patients with symptomatic celiac disease","volume":"152","author":"Murray","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"244","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.15551","article-title":"Masked bolus gluten challenge low in FODMAPs implicates nausea and vomiting as key symptoms associated with immune activation in treated coeliac disease","volume":"51","author":"Daveson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010190","article-title":"Quantification of accidental gluten contamination in the diet of children with treated celiac disease","volume":"13","author":"Monachesi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.03.038","article-title":"Real-world gluten exposure in patients with celiac disease on gluten-free diets, determined from gliadin immunogenic peptides in urine and fecal samples","volume":"19","author":"Stefanolo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1002\/ygh2.371","article-title":"Latiglutenase treatment for celiac disease: symptom and quality of life improvement for seropositive patients on a gluten-free diet","volume":"1","author":"Syage","year":"2019","journal-title":"GastroHep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1497","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.12.016","article-title":"Most patients with celiac disease on gluten-free diets consume measurable amounts of gluten","volume":"158","author":"Silvester","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1736","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12061736","article-title":"Intestinal permeability in children with celiac disease after the administration of oligofructose-enriched inulin into a gluten-free diet-results of a randomized, placebo-controlled, pilot trial","volume":"12","author":"Drabi\u0144ska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1451","DOI":"10.1007\/s00726-018-2622-7","article-title":"Plasma profile and urine excretion of amino acids in children with celiac disease on gluten-free diet after oligofructose-enriched inulin intervention: results of a randomised placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"50","author":"Drabi\u0144ska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Amino Acids"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0022","article-title":"Findings from a pilot randomized controlled trial on adherence to a gluten-free diet and quality of life among adults with celiac disease or gluten intolerance","volume":"6","author":"Dowd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0023","article-title":"Pancreatic enzyme supplementation versus placebo for improvement of gastrointestinal symptoms in non-responsive celiac disease: a cross-over randomized controlled trial","volume":"9","author":"Yoosuf","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front Med (Lausanne)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.12147","article-title":"Larazotide acetate in patients with coeliac disease undergoing a gluten challenge: a randomised placebo-controlled study","volume":"37","author":"Kelly","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aliment Pharmacol Ther"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0025","first-page":"132","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of the glutenase TAK-062 in patients with celiac disease on a gluten-free diet: a phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Elli","year":"2025","journal-title":"United European Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0026","first-page":"154","article-title":"histologic and safety outcomes of ZED1227 treatment in symptomatic celiac disease patients: results from the phase 2b CEC-004\/CEL randomized clinical trial","volume":"13","author":"Schuppan","year":"2025","journal-title":"United Eur Gastroenterol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0027","series-title":"Management and the Worker","author":"Roethlisberger","year":"1959"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0028","series-title":"Research Methods in the Behavioral Sciences","first-page":"684","author":"Festinger","year":"1953"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclinepi.2013.08.015","article-title":"Systematic review of the Hawthorne effect: new concepts are needed to study research participation effects","volume":"67","author":"McCambridge","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Clin Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0030","article-title":"Understanding the Hawthorne effect","volume":"351","author":"Sedgwick","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"45","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10390","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3458-05.2005","article-title":"Neurobiological mechanisms of the placebo effect","volume":"25","author":"Benedetti","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Neurosci"},{"issue":"9715","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(09)61706-2","article-title":"Biological, clinical, and ethical advances of placebo effects","volume":"375","author":"Finniss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.287.5.622","article-title":"Nonspecific medication side effects and the nocebo phenomenon","volume":"287","author":"Barsky","year":"2002","journal-title":"JAMA J Am Med Assoc"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0034","first-page":"459","article-title":"Nocebo phenomena in medicine: their relevance in everyday clinical practice","volume":"109","author":"H\u00e4user","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dtsch Arztebl Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1322","DOI":"10.1111\/jep.12781","article-title":"The Hawthorne effect in direct observation research with physicians and patients","volume":"23","author":"Goodwin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Eval Clin Pract"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2019.05.046","article-title":"Rate, risk factors, and outcomes of nonadherence in pediatric patients with celiac disease: a systematic review","volume":"18","author":"Myl\u00e9us","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-023-00872-2","article-title":"Guidelines for best practices in monitoring established coeliac disease in adult patients","volume":"21","author":"Elli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0038","unstructured":"Codex Alimentarius Commission. Foods for special dietary use for persons intolerant to gluten Codex STAN 118\u20131979; Codex Alimentarius Commission: Rome, Italy. Published online 2008."},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.34.11.1515","article-title":"Dose dependent effects of protracted ingestion of small amounts of gliadin in coeliac disease children: a clinical and jejunal morphometric study","volume":"34","author":"Catassi","year":"1993","journal-title":"Gut"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqx049","article-title":"Determination of gluten consumption in celiac disease patients on a gluten-free diet","volume":"107","author":"Syage","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Clin Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-1253(24)00248-6","article-title":"Safety, clinical activity, pharmacodynamics, and pharmacokinetics of IMU-856, a SIRT6 modulator, in coeliac disease: a first-in-human, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 1 trial","volume":"10","author":"Daveson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.3390\/nu16020279","article-title":"Stool gluten peptide detection is superior to urinary analysis, coeliac serology, dietary adherence scores and symptoms in the detection of intermittent gluten exposure in Coeliac disease: a randomised, placebo-controlled, low-dose gluten challenge study","volume":"16","author":"Russell","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2032441","article-title":"A randomized trial of a transglutaminase 2 inhibitor for celiac disease","volume":"385","author":"Schuppan","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.10.040","article-title":"Evaluating responses to gluten challenge: A randomized, double-blind, 2-dose gluten challenge trial","volume":"160","author":"Leonard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2022.07.071","article-title":"Latiglutenase protects the mucosa and attenuates symptom severity in patients with celiac disease exposed to a gluten challenge","volume":"163","author":"Murray","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"}],"container-title":["Digestive and Liver Disease"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1590865826007802?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1590865826007802?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T11:37:29Z","timestamp":1786707449000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1590865826007802"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1590865826007802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["1590-8658"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1590-8658","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Evaluation and interpretation of Hawthorne and other trial-related effects in Celiac Disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Digestive and Liver Disease","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dld.2026.06.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Editrice Gastroenterologica Italiana S.r.l.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}