{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:01:45Z","timestamp":1790816505572,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["dmd.aspetjournals.org","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Metabolism and Disposition"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T15:43:23Z","timestamp":1789141403000},"page":"100407","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["When microbial drug metabolism becomes a drug disposition variable"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-3542-5125","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rebecca","family":"Lewandowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib1","series-title":"M12 drug interaction studies","year":"2024"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib2","article-title":"Population pharmacokinetics","year":"2022","journal-title":"Guidance for industry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib3","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics in patients with impaired hepatic function: study design, data analysis, and impact on dosing and labeling","year":"2003","journal-title":"Guidance for industry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib4","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics in patients with impaired renal function: study design, data analysis, and impact on dosing","year":"2024","journal-title":"Guidance for industry"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.001","article-title":"Personalized mapping of drug metabolism by the human gut microbiome","volume":"181","author":"Javdan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"7762","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-019-1291-3","article-title":"Mapping human microbiome drug metabolism by gut bacteria and their genes","volume":"570","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1124\/dmd.123.001605","article-title":"Gut microbiome integration in drug discovery and development of small molecules","volume":"52","author":"Jimonet","year":"2024","journal-title":"Drug Metab Dispos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2024.2387400","article-title":"Microbial metabolism marvels: a comprehensive review of microbial drug transformation capabilities","volume":"16","author":"Martinelli","year":"2024","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-022724-100847","article-title":"Pharma[e]cology: how the gut microbiome contributes to variations in drug response","volume":"65","author":"Trepka","year":"2025","journal-title":"Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2008.07.009","article-title":"The gastrointestinal microbiota as a site for the biotransformation of drugs","volume":"363","author":"Sousa","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Pharm"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3171","DOI":"10.1002\/jps.24103","article-title":"On the colonic bacterial metabolism of azo-bonded prodrugs of 5-aminosalicylic acid","volume":"103","author":"Sousa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Pharm Sci"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198110013051403","article-title":"Inactivation of digoxin by the gut flora: reversal by antibiotic therapy","volume":"305","author":"Lindenbaum","year":"1981","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6005","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1191175","article-title":"Alleviating cancer drug toxicity by inhibiting a bacterial enzyme","volume":"330","author":"Wallace","year":"2010","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6143","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1235872","article-title":"Predicting and manipulating cardiac drug inactivation by the human gut bacterium Eggerthella lenta","volume":"341","author":"Haiser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.27915","article-title":"Mechanistic insight into digoxin inactivation by Eggerthella lenta augments our understanding of its pharmacokinetics","volume":"5","author":"Haiser","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.33953","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of a prevalent human gut bacterial enzyme sufficient for the inactivation of a family of plant toxins","volume":"7","author":"Koppel","year":"2018","journal-title":"eLife"},{"issue":"6445","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aau6323","article-title":"Discovery and inhibition of an interspecies gut bacterial pathway for Levodopa metabolism","volume":"364","author":"Maini Rekdal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1300","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.51.6.1300-1303.1986","article-title":"Reduction of digoxin to 20R-dihydrodigoxin by cultures of Eubacterium lentum","volume":"51","author":"Robertson","year":"1986","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-022-01628-0","article-title":"Genome-scale metabolic reconstruction of 7,302 human microorganisms for personalized medicine","volume":"41","author":"Heinken","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7045","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.0c01720","article-title":"Intestinal excretion, intestinal recirculation, and renal tubule reabsorption are underappreciated mechanisms that drive the distribution and pharmacokinetic behavior of small molecule drugs","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Med Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-025-02142-6","article-title":"Microbiome-derived reactivation of mycophenolate explains variations in enterohepatic recirculation in kidney transplant recipients","volume":"13","author":"Drevland","year":"2025","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtct.2022.04.018","article-title":"Reduced enterohepatic recirculation of mycophenolate and lower blood concentrations are associated with the stool bacterial microbiome after hematopoietic cell transplantation","volume":"28","author":"Saqr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transplant Cell Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib23","series-title":"MYHIBBIN (mycophenolate mofetil) oral suspension","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib24","article-title":"Clinical pharmacology considerations for human radiolabeled mass balance studies","year":"2024","journal-title":"Guidance for industry"},{"issue":"6344","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2770","article-title":"Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota","volume":"356","author":"Koppel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7877","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03891-8","article-title":"Bioaccumulation of therapeutic drugs by human gut bacteria","volume":"597","author":"Klunemann","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6341","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aai9383","article-title":"Vaginal bacteria modify HIV tenofovir microbicide efficacy in African women","volume":"356","author":"Klatt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.99545","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome modulates topical antiretroviral drug pharmacokinetics","volume":"3","author":"Taneva","year":"2018","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3552","article-title":"Gut biogeography of the bacterial microbiota","volume":"14","author":"Donaldson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2017.03.010","article-title":"The Gut microbiome: connecting spatial organization to function","volume":"21","author":"Tropini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4345","article-title":"Metformin alters the gut microbiome of individuals with treatment-naive type 2 diabetes, contributing to the therapeutic effects of the drug","volume":"23","author":"Wu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"6285","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aad3503","article-title":"Population-level analysis of gut microbiome variation","volume":"352","author":"Falony","year":"2016","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"7698","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25979","article-title":"Extensive impact of non-antibiotic drugs on human gut bacteria","volume":"555","author":"Maier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7834","key":"10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2881-9","article-title":"Host variables confound gut microbiota studies of human disease","volume":"587","author":"Vujkovic-Cvijin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["Drug Metabolism and Disposition"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0090955626006768?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0090955626006768?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:13:22Z","timestamp":1790813602000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0090955626006768"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"references-count":34,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0090955626006768"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407","relation":{},"ISSN":["0090-9556"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0090-9556","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"When microbial drug metabolism becomes a drug disposition variable","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug Metabolism and Disposition","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dmd.2026.100407","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 American Society for Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100407"}}