{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T19:19:22Z","timestamp":1791314362296,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2014,7,1]],"date-time":"2014-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1404172800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["bmn.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Discovery Today"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,3,16]],"date-time":"2014-03-16T19:15:34Z","timestamp":1394997334000},"page":"972-979","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Biomarker development for Huntington's disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Ralph","family":"Andre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachael I.","family":"Scahill","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Salman","family":"Haider","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Tabrizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70245-3","article-title":"Huntington's disease: from molecular pathogenesis to clinical treatment","volume":"10","author":"Ross","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.128728","article-title":"Detection of Huntington's disease decades before diagnosis: the Predict-HD study","volume":"79","author":"Paulsen","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(09)70170-X","article-title":"Biological and clinical manifestations of Huntington's disease in the longitudinal TRACK-HD study: cross-sectional analysis of baseline data","volume":"8","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(10)70276-3","article-title":"Biological and clinical changes in premanifest and early stage Huntington's disease in the TRACK-HD study: the 12-month longitudinal analysis","volume":"10","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70263-0","article-title":"Potential endpoints for clinical trials in premanifest and early Huntington's disease in the TRACK-HD study: analysis of 24 month observational data","volume":"11","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(13)70088-7","article-title":"Predictors of phenotypic progression and disease onset in premanifest and early-stage Huntington's disease in the TRACK-HD study: analysis of 36-month observational data","volume":"12","author":"Tabrizi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.870110204","article-title":"Unified Huntington's Disease Rating Scale: reliability and consistency","volume":"11","author":"Huntington Study Group","year":"1996","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2150","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3182020123","article-title":"Tapping linked to function and structure in premanifest and symptomatic Huntington disease","volume":"75","author":"Bechtel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropsychologia.2010.11.016","article-title":"Visuomotor integration deficits precede clinical onset in Huntington's disease","volume":"49","author":"Say","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychologia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/a0020937","article-title":"Neurocognitive signs in prodromal Huntington disease","volume":"25","author":"Stout","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neuropsychology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.2010.22.2.196","article-title":"Frontal behaviors before the diagnosis of Huntington's disease and their relationship to markers of disease progression: evidence of early lack of awareness","volume":"22","author":"Duff","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2013.05.026","article-title":"Characterization of depression in prodromal Huntington disease in the neurobiological predictors of HD (PREDICT-HD) study","volume":"47","author":"Epping","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1080\/13803390903313564","article-title":"Cognitive change in patients with Huntington disease on the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status","volume":"32","author":"Beglinger","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Neuropsychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"935","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-004-0461-9","article-title":"Cognitive changes in patients with Huntington's disease (HD) and asymptomatic carriers of the HD mutation \u2013 a longitudinal follow-up study","volume":"251","author":"Lemiere","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.20374","article-title":"Levels of error processing in Huntington's disease: a combined study using event-related potentials and voxel-based morphometry","volume":"29","author":"Beste","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.44.5.823","article-title":"Reduced basal ganglia volume associated with the gene for Huntington's disease in asymptomatic at-risk persons","volume":"44","author":"Aylward","year":"1994","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2010.208264","article-title":"Longitudinal change in regional brain volumes in prodromal Huntington disease","volume":"82","author":"Aylward","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2544","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23912","article-title":"Basal ganglia atrophy in prodromal Huntington's disease is detectable over one year using automated segmentation","volume":"26","author":"Majid","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1212\/01.WNL.0000132965.14653.D1","article-title":"Onset and rate of striatal atrophy in preclinical Huntington disease","volume":"63","author":"Aylward","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2009.06.003","article-title":"Automated quantification of caudate atrophy by local registration of serial MRI: evaluation and application in Huntington's disease","volume":"47","author":"Hobbs","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-5949.2008.00068.x","article-title":"Distinct brain volume changes correlating with clinical stage, disease progression rate, mutation size, and age at onset prediction as early biomarkers of brain atrophy in Huntington's disease","volume":"15","author":"Squitieri","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Neurosci. Ther."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.23762","article-title":"A tale of two factors: what determines the rate of progression in Huntington's disease? A longitudinal MRI study","volume":"26","author":"Rosas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.20979","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in presymptomatic and early Huntington's disease: selective white matter pathology and its relationship to clinical measures","volume":"21","author":"Rosas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181d8c20a","article-title":"Contrasting gray and white matter changes in preclinical Huntington disease: an MRI study","volume":"74","author":"Stoffers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1007\/s11682-011-9121-8","article-title":"Diffusion tensor imaging in Huntington's disease reveals distinct patterns of white matter degeneration associated with motor and cognitive deficits","volume":"5","author":"Bohanna","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Imaging Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nicl.2012.12.001","article-title":"Evaluation of multi-modal, multi-site neuroimaging measures in Huntington's disease: Baseline results from the PADDINGTON study","volume":"2","author":"Hobbs","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage Clin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2008.12.026","article-title":"Longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging in Huntington's disease","volume":"216","author":"Weaver","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.142786","article-title":"A longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study in symptomatic Huntington's disease","volume":"81","author":"Sritharan","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1624","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awp081","article-title":"Functional compensation of motor function in pre-symptomatic Huntington's disease","volume":"132","author":"Kl\u00f6ppel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1165","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/aws024","article-title":"Altered brain mechanisms of emotion processing in pre-manifest Huntington's disease","volume":"135","author":"Novak","year":"2012","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1908","DOI":"10.1038\/jcbfm.2011.60","article-title":"Magnetic resonance perfusion imaging of resting-state cerebral blood flow in preclinical Huntington's disease","volume":"31","author":"Wolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2012.02.095","article-title":"Impaired cortico-striatal functional connectivity in prodromal Huntington's disease","volume":"514","author":"Unschuld","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"214","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2011.06.011","article-title":"Longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging of cognition in preclinical Huntington's disease","volume":"231","author":"Wolf","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0170","first-page":"215","article-title":"Brain white-matter volume loss and glucose hypometabolism precede the clinical symptoms of Huntington's disease","volume":"47","author":"Ciarmiello","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0175","first-page":"1591","article-title":"Metabolic network abnormalities in early Huntington's disease: an [(18)F]FDG PET study","volume":"42","author":"Feigin","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Nucl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.410120504","article-title":"Cerebral metabolism and atrophy in Huntington's disease determined by 18FDG and computed tomographic scan","volume":"12","author":"Kuhl","year":"1982","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2858","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awm217","article-title":"Thalamic metabolism and symptom onset in preclinical Huntington's disease","volume":"130","author":"Feigin","year":"2007","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1127","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awg119","article-title":"Progressive striatal and cortical dopamine receptor dysfunction in Huntington's disease: a PET study","volume":"126","author":"Pavese","year":"2003","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2009.10.015","article-title":"Cortical dopamine dysfunction in symptomatic and premanifest Huntington's disease gene carriers","volume":"37","author":"Pavese","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1638","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000222734.56412.17","article-title":"Microglial activation correlates with severity in Huntington disease: a clinical and PET study","volume":"66","author":"Pavese","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1002\/hbm.21008","article-title":"Microglial activation in regions related to cognitive function predicts disease onset in Huntington's disease: a multimodal imaging study","volume":"32","author":"Politis","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hum. Brain Mapp."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e3181fc27e4","article-title":"Magnetic resonance spectroscopy biomarkers in premanifest and early Huntington disease","volume":"75","author":"Sturrock","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-011-6099-5","article-title":"Exploratory 7-Tesla magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Huntington's disease provides in vivo evidence for impaired energy metabolism","volume":"258","author":"van den Bogaard","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1001\/archneurol.2011.2945","article-title":"Alterations in brain transition metals in Huntington disease: an evolving and intricate story","volume":"69","author":"Rosas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.056","article-title":"Elevated brain iron is independent from atrophy in Huntington's disease","volume":"61","author":"Dumas","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/s11064-007-9352-7","article-title":"Myelin breakdown and iron changes in Huntington's disease: pathogenesis and treatment implications","volume":"32","author":"Bartzokis","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neurochem. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A2868","article-title":"Magnetization transfer imaging in premanifest and manifest Huntington disease","volume":"33","author":"van den Bogaard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A3303","article-title":"Magnetization transfer imaging in premanifest and manifest Huntington disease: a 2-year follow-up","volume":"34","author":"van den Bogaard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Neuroradiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"573","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(11)70070-9","article-title":"Development of biomarkers for Huntington's disease","volume":"10","author":"Weir","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2007.05.093","article-title":"Increased oxidative damage and mitochondrial abnormalities in the peripheral blood of Huntington's disease patients","volume":"359","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000194318.74946.b6","article-title":"Creatine in Huntington disease is safe, tolerable, bioavailable in brain and reduces serum 8OH2\u2019dG","volume":"66","author":"Hersch","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1934","DOI":"10.1212\/WNL.0b013e318293e1a1","article-title":"8OHdG is not a biomarker for Huntington disease state or progression","volume":"80","author":"Borowsky","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3731","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI64565","article-title":"Mutant huntingtin fragmentation in immune cells tracks Huntington's disease progression","volume":"122","author":"Weiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1000","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2012.03.072","article-title":"NODDI: practical in vivo neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging of the human brain","volume":"61","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Neuroimage"}],"container-title":["Drug Discovery Today"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1359644614000798?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1359644614000798?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,23]],"date-time":"2025-10-23T12:18:43Z","timestamp":1761221923000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1359644614000798"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]}},"alternative-id":["S1359644614000798"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-6446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-6446","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2014,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Biomarker development for Huntington's disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug Discovery Today","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drudis.2014.03.002","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"Copyright \u00a9 2014 Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}