{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T06:40:57Z","timestamp":1792219257365,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,3]],"date-time":"2026-10-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790985600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009123","name":"Norges Teknisk-Naturvitenskapelige Universitet","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009123","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Discovery Today"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:06:38Z","timestamp":1791356798000},"page":"104831","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["From drug repurposing to antiviral activity expansion: building antiviral maps from multiple viral trees"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"31","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8754-5753","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maxim M.","family":"Bespalov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aleksandr","family":"Ianevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erlend","family":"Ravlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magnar","family":"Bj\u00f8r\u00e5s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7716-6955","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denis E.","family":"Kainov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1128\/br.35.3.235-241.1971","article-title":"Expression of animal virus genomes","volume":"35","author":"Baltimore","year":"1971","journal-title":"Bacteriol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3109\/10409239309078440","article-title":"Evolution and taxonomy of positive-strand RNA viruses: implications of comparative analysis of amino acid sequences","volume":"28","author":"Koonin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02329","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.02329-18","article-title":"Origins and evolution of the global RNA virome","volume":"9","author":"Wolf","year":"2018","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0422-7","article-title":"The genomic underpinnings of eukaryotic virus taxonomy: creating a sequence-based framework for family-level virus classification","volume":"6","author":"Aiewsakun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2004.11.016","article-title":"Does common architecture reveal a viral lineage spanning all three domains of life?","volume":"16","author":"Benson","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02275-16","article-title":"Nucleic and amino acid sequences support structure-based viral classification","volume":"91","author":"Sinclair","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro2033","article-title":"Virus evolution: how far does the double beta-barrel viral lineage extend?","volume":"6","author":"Krupovic","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2401","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1621061114","article-title":"Multiple origins of viral capsid proteins from cellular ancestors","volume":"114","author":"Krupovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-023-01378-y","article-title":"The virome of the last eukaryotic common ancestor and eukaryogenesis","volume":"8","author":"Krupovic","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2019.04.006","article-title":"Expanding the activity spectrum of antiviral agents","volume":"24","author":"Ianevski","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.02.018","article-title":"Discovery and development of safe-in-man broad-spectrum antiviral agents","volume":"93","author":"Andersen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2022.104112","article-title":"Mono- and combinational drug therapies for global viral pandemic preparedness","volume":"25","author":"Ianevski","year":"2022","journal-title":"iScience"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W272","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac348","article-title":"DrugVirus.info 2.0: an integrative data portal for broad-spectrum antivirals and broad-spectrum antiviral-containing combinations","volume":"50","author":"Ianevski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.02013-25","article-title":"AntiviralDB: an expert-curated database of antiviral agents against human infectious diseases","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2025","journal-title":"MBio"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2017.10.020","article-title":"Metagenomics reshapes concepts of RNA virus evolution by revealing extensive horizontal virus transfer","volume":"244","author":"Dolja","year":"2018","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-026-10291-z","article-title":"Bridging antiviral drug discovery with a large language model-powered framework","volume":"9","author":"Kang","year":"2026","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1239","DOI":"10.1039\/D5DD00037H","article-title":"Machine learning-driven antiviral libraries targeting respiratory viruses","volume":"4","author":"Valle-N\u00fa\u00f1ez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Digit Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-025-09442-9","article-title":"The Virtual Lab of AI agents designs new SARS-CoV-2 nanobodies","volume":"646","author":"Swanson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104648","article-title":"Can artificial intelligence transform antiviral drug discovery?","volume":"31","author":"Tirosyan","year":"2026","journal-title":"Drug Discov Today"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.3390\/v11100964","article-title":"Novel antiviral activities of obatoclax, emetine, niclosamide, brequinar and homoharringtonine","volume":"11","author":"Andersen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.04.016","article-title":"Novel activities of safe-in-human broad-spectrum antiviral agents","volume":"154","author":"Ianevski","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b9000","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"588","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2575-3","article-title":"Chloroquine does not inhibit infection of human lung cells with SARS-CoV-2","volume":"585","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b9005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.1650","article-title":"Effect of higher-dose ivermectin for 6 days vs placebo on time to sustained recovery in outpatients with COVID-19","volume":"329","author":"Naggie","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0110","series-title":"Drug combinations for treatment of emerging and re-emerging viral infections: development of a new database for antiviral drug combinations","author":"Myhre","year":"2022"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"754","DOI":"10.1177\/1060028019826565","article-title":"Baloxavir marboxil: the first cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor for the treatment of influenza","volume":"53","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Pharmacother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1184","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08927-2","article-title":"Structural basis for assembly of vertical single \u03b2-barrel viruses","volume":"10","author":"Santos-P\u00e9rez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e146","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(23)00293-X","article-title":"Safety of teropavimab and zinlirvimab with lenacapavir once every 6 months for HIV treatment: a phase 1b, randomised, proof-of-concept study","volume":"11","author":"Eron","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.7326\/ANNALS-25-01939","article-title":"Once-weekly oral islatravir plus lenacapavir versus daily oral bictegravir, emtricitabine, and tenofovir alafenamide in persons with HIV-1: a phase 2 randomized study","volume":"179","author":"Colson","year":"2026","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lanmic.2025.101283","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of lenacapavir, teropavimab, and zinlirvimab: week-26 primary outcome results from a multicentre, open-label, randomised, active-controlled, phase 2 study","volume":"7","author":"Ogbuagu","year":"2026","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"583","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03819-2","article-title":"Highly accurate protein structure prediction with AlphaFold","volume":"596","author":"Jumper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1484","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2412439","article-title":"Tecovirimat for clade I MPXV infection in the Democratic Republic of Congo","volume":"392","author":"PALM007 Writing Group","year":"2025","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"884","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2506495","article-title":"Tecovirimat for the treatment of mpox","volume":"394","author":"Zucker","year":"2026","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2063","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32299-7","article-title":"Bictegravir, emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide versus dolutegravir, abacavir and lamivudine for initial treatment of HIV-1 infection","volume":"390","author":"Gallant","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2599","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1512610","article-title":"Sofosbuvir and velpatasvir for HCV genotype 1, 2, 4, 5 and 6 infection","volume":"373","author":"Feld","year":"2015","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2017.03.047","article-title":"Efficacy of 8 weeks of sofosbuvir, velpatasvir and voxilaprevir in chronic HCV infection: two phase 3 randomised trials","volume":"153","author":"Jacobson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1586","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abl4784","article-title":"An oral SARS-CoV-2 Mpro inhibitor clinical candidate for the treatment of COVID-19","volume":"374","author":"Owen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2118542","article-title":"Oral nirmatrelvir for high-risk, nonhospitalized adults with COVID-19","volume":"386","author":"Hammond","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2314134","article-title":"Bulevirtide combined with pegylated interferon for chronic hepatitis D","volume":"391","author":"Asselah","year":"2024","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2031994","article-title":"Baricitinib plus remdesivir for hospitalized adults with COVID-19","volume":"384","author":"Kalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(21)00384-2","article-title":"Efficacy of interferon beta-1a plus remdesivir compared with remdesivir alone in hospitalised adults with COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Kalil","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"718","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00469-2","article-title":"Combining baloxavir marboxil with standard-of-care neuraminidase inhibitor in patients hospitalised with severe influenza: a randomised phase 3 trial","volume":"22","author":"Kumar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa376","article-title":"Pimodivir in combination with oseltamivir in adults hospitalized with influenza A infection: OPAL","volume":"226","author":"O\u2019Neil","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2024.105842","article-title":"The combination of pleconaril, rupintrivir and remdesivir efficiently inhibits enterovirus infections in vitro and delays resistance","volume":"224","author":"Ianevski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Antiviral Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1866","DOI":"10.3390\/v14091866","article-title":"Novel synergistic anti-enteroviral drug combinations","volume":"14","author":"Ianevski","year":"2022","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0215","article-title":"Combination of vemurafenib, pleconaril, and AG7404 attenuates enterovirus replication in vitro and in vivo","volume":"3","author":"Ravlo","year":"2025","journal-title":"NAR Mol Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa290","article-title":"Remdesivir (GS-5734) is efficacious in cynomolgus macaques infected with Marburg virus","volume":"222","author":"Porter","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.159090","article-title":"Combination therapy with remdesivir and monoclonal antibodies protects nonhuman primates against advanced Sudan virus disease","volume":"7","author":"Cross","year":"2022","journal-title":"JCI Insight"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/science.adk6176","article-title":"Oral administration of obeldesivir protects nonhuman primates against Sudan ebolavirus","volume":"383","author":"Cross","year":"2024","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1303","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-025-03496-y","article-title":"Oral obeldesivir provides postexposure protection against Marburg virus in nonhuman primates","volume":"31","author":"Cross","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2293","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1910993","article-title":"A randomized, controlled trial of Ebola virus disease therapeutics","volume":"381","author":"Mulangu","year":"2019","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0245","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Pathogens prioritization: a scientific framework for epidemic and pandemic research preparedness. www.who.int\/publications\/m\/item\/pathogens-prioritization-a-scientific-framework-for-epidemic-and-pandemic-research-preparedness. Published July 30, 2024. Accessed July 5, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0250","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Prioritizing diseases for research and development in emergency contexts. www.who.int\/activities\/prioritizing-diseases-for-research-and-development-in-emergency-contexts. Accessed July 5, 2026."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.149","article-title":"Analysis of drug combinations: current methodological landscape","volume":"3","author":"Foucquier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol Res Perspect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831_b0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-09-1947","article-title":"Drug combination studies and their synergy quantification using the Chou\u2013Talalay method","volume":"70","author":"Chou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cancer Res"}],"container-title":["Drug Discovery Today"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1359644626002369?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1359644626002369?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T05:50:50Z","timestamp":1792216250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1359644626002369"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":54,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S1359644626002369"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831","relation":{},"ISSN":["1359-6446"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1359-6446","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"From drug repurposing to antiviral activity expansion: building antiviral maps from multiple viral trees","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug Discovery Today","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drudis.2026.104831","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104831"}}