{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T16:35:33Z","timestamp":1793118933847,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,9,1]],"date-time":"2011-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1314835200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,2,12]],"date-time":"2011-02-12T11:12:27Z","timestamp":1297509147000},"page":"152-157","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":196,"title":["Synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018 and psychosis: An explorative study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"117","author":[{"given":"Susanna","family":"Every-Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1212","article-title":"Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study","volume":"325","author":"Arseneault","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2009.00582.x","article-title":"JWH018, a common constituent of \u2018Spice\u2019 herbal blends, is a potent and efficacious cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist","volume":"160","author":"Atwood","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00152-0","article-title":"Influence of the N-1 alkylchain length of cannabimimetic indoles upon CB(1) and CB(2)receptor binding","volume":"60","author":"Aung","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"832","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1558","article-title":"Spice and other herbal blends: harmless incense or cannabinoid designer drugs?","volume":"44","author":"Auw\u00e4rter","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0025","first-page":"632","article-title":"Spice ain\u2019t so nice [abstract]","volume":"48","author":"Banerji","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0030","first-page":"632","article-title":"Spice: a new \u201clegal\u201d herbal mixture abused by young active duty military personnel [abstract]","volume":"48","author":"Bebarta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol. (Phila.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291706008440","article-title":"Trends in cannabis use prior to first presentation with schizophrenia, in South-East London between 1965 and 1999","volume":"36","author":"Boydell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0920-9964(01)00249-3","article-title":"Precipitation and determination of the onset and course of schizophrenia by substance abuse \u2013 a retrospective and prospective study of 232 population-based first illness episodes","volume":"54","author":"B\u00fchler","year":"2002","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1558","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300496","article-title":"The psychotomimetic effects of intravenous delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in healthy individuals: implications for psychosis","volume":"29","author":"D'Souza","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1002\/jms.1811","article-title":"Monitoring of herbal mixtures potentially containing synthetic cannabinoids as psychoactive compounds","volume":"45","author":"Dresen","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mass Spectrom."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0055","unstructured":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), 2009. Understanding the \u2018Spice\u201d phenomenon. Available at: http:\/\/www.emcdda.europa.eu\/attachements.cfm\/att_80086_EN_Spice%20Thematic%20paper%20%E2%80%94%20final%20version.pdf Last checked 15 October, 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1859","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03119.x","article-title":"Warning: legal synthetic cannabinoid-receptor agonists such as JWH 018 may precipitate psychosis in vulnerable individuals","volume":"105","author":"Every-Palmer","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.332.7534.172","article-title":"Cannabis and psychosis","volume":"332","author":"Fergusson","year":"2006","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2010.09020189","article-title":"Cannabis use and the course of schizophrenia: 10-year follow-up after first hospitalisation","volume":"167","author":"Foti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0075","first-page":"1646","article-title":"Isolation, structure and partial synthesis of an active constituent of hashish","volume":"86","author":"Gaoni","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. ACS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2003.08.001","article-title":"First episode schizophrenia-related psychosis and substance use disorders: acute response to olanzapine and haloperidol","volume":"66","author":"Green","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"951","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02874.x","article-title":"How globalization and market innovation challenge how we think and respond to drug use: \u2018Spice\u2019 a case study","volume":"105","author":"Griffiths","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02244012","article-title":"Antianxiety effect of cannabidiol in the elevated plus-maze","volume":"100","author":"Guimar\u00e3es","year":"1990","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"608","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbi027","article-title":"The environment and schizophrenia: the role of cannabis use","volume":"31","author":"Henquet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.027","article-title":"Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex N-acetyl-aspartate\/total creatine (NAA\/tCr) loss in male recreational cannabis users","volume":"61","author":"Hermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2004.07.030","article-title":"Cannabinoid physiology and pharmacology: 30 years of progress","volume":"47","author":"Howlett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/34.5.252","article-title":"Use of high-resolution accurate mass spectrometry to detect reported and previously unreported cannabinomimetics in \u201cherbal high\u201d products","volume":"34","author":"Hudson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2004.09.050","article-title":"Structure\u2013activity relationships for 1-alkyl-3-(1-naphthoyl)indoles at the cannabinoid CB(1) and CB(2) receptors: steric and electronic effects of naphthoyl substituents. New highly selective CB(2) receptor agonists","volume":"13","author":"Huffman","year":"2005","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"907","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.50.7.907","article-title":"Community treatment of severely mentally ill offenders under the jurisdiction of the criminal justice system: a review","volume":"50","author":"Lamb","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjp.0705607","article-title":"Oleamide is a selective endogenous agonist of rat and human CB1 cannabinoid receptors","volume":"141","author":"Leggett","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(09)70440-7","article-title":"S39-02 Antipsychotic effects of cannabidiol","volume":"24","author":"Leweke","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2009.06.008","article-title":"Spice: a never ending story?","volume":"191","author":"Lindigkeit","year":"2009","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1745-0179-2-4","article-title":"Substance abuse in first-episode schizophrenic patients: a retrospective study","volume":"23","author":"Mauri","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin. Pract. Epidemiol. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)61162-3","article-title":"Cannabis use and risk of psychotic or affective mental health outcomes: a systematic review","volume":"370","author":"Moore","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.046649","article-title":"Effects of cannabidiol on schizophrenia-like symptoms in cannabis users","volume":"192","author":"Morgan","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.110.077503","article-title":"Impact of cannabidiol on the acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of smoked cannabis: naturalistic study","volume":"197","author":"Morgan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2009.12.001","article-title":"The synthetic cannabinoid Spice as a trigger for an acute exacerbation of cannabis induced recurrent psychotic episodes","volume":"118","author":"M\u00fcller","year":"2010","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2253","article-title":"Cannabis, the mind and society: the hash realities","volume":"8","author":"Murray","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0170","series-title":"The National Study of Psychiatric Morbidity in New Zealand Prisons","author":"New Zealand Department of Corrections","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3205","DOI":"10.1021\/ac900564u","article-title":"Investigating a not-so-natural high","volume":"81","author":"Piggee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2007.07071110","article-title":"Excessive brain volume loss over time in cannabis-using first-episode schizophrenia patients","volume":"165","author":"Rais","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.04.003","article-title":"Detection of JWH-018 metabolites in smoking mixture post-administration urine","volume":"200","author":"Sobolevsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0190","first-page":"30","article-title":"Cannabis and cognitive dysfunction: parallels with endophenotypes of schizophrenia?","volume":"32","author":"Solowij","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.4.345","article-title":"Substance misuse, psychiatric disorder and violent and disturbed behaviour","volume":"1761","author":"Soyka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(95)00068-2","article-title":"Substance use: a powerful predictor of relapse in schizophrenia","volume":"20","author":"Swofford","year":"1996","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jchromb.2010.03.016","article-title":"Sensitive and rapid quantification of the cannabinoid receptor agonist naphthalen-1-yl-(1-pentylindol-3-yl)methanone (JWH-018) in human serum by liquid chromatography\u2013tandem mass spectrometry","volume":"878","author":"Teske","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. B: Analyt. Technol. Biomed. Life Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(96)01277-X","article-title":"A community survey of adverse effects of cannabis use","volume":"42","author":"Thomas","year":"1996","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1248\/cpb.57.439","article-title":"Identification of a cannabinoid analog as a new type of designer drug in a herbal product","volume":"57","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chem. Pharm. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2010.01.004","article-title":"Chemical analysis of synthetic cannabinoids as designer drugs in herbal products","volume":"198","author":"Uchiyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0225","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime. World Drug Report, 2010. Available at http:\/\/www.unodc.org\/documents\/wdr\/WDR_2010\/World_Drug_Report_2010_lo-res.pdf Last accessed on 1 October 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0230","unstructured":"United States Drug Enforcement Administration, Office of Forensic Sciences, 2009. \u2018Spice\u2019\u2014plant material(s) laced with synthetic cannabinoids or cannabinoid mimicking compounds. Microgram Bulletin. 42(3). Available at: http:\/\/www.justice.gov\/dea\/programs\/forensicsci\/microgram\/mg0309\/mg0309.html Last accessed 1 October 2010."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwf043","article-title":"Cannabis use and psychosis: a longitudinal population-based study","volume":"156","author":"van Os","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2010.06.002","article-title":"Spice drugs as a new trend: mode of action, identification and legislation","volume":"197","author":"Vardakou","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1097\/PEC.0b013e3181e4f416","article-title":"A teenager with agitation: higher than she should have climbed","volume":"26","author":"Vearrier","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pediatr. Emerg. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"547","DOI":"10.1007\/s10645-006-9029-7","article-title":"Exploring the structure of the illegal market for cannabis","volume":"154","author":"Wilkins","year":"2006","journal-title":"De Economist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.325.7374.1199","article-title":"Self-reported cannabis use as a risk factor for schizophrenia in Swedish conscripts of 1969: historical cohort study","volume":"325","author":"Zammit","year":"2002","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0260","first-page":"464","article-title":"Withdrawal phenomena and dependence syndrome after the consumption of \u201cSpice Gold\u201d","volume":"106","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2009","journal-title":"Dtsch. Artzebl. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2006000400001","article-title":"Cannabidiol, a Cannabis sativa constituent, as an antipsychotic drug","volume":"39","author":"Zuardi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Braz. J. Med. Biol. Res."}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871611000639?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871611000639?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,4]],"date-time":"2018-12-04T21:32:48Z","timestamp":1543959168000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871611000639"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]},"references-count":53,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S0376871611000639"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.01.012","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,9]]}}}