{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T21:54:26Z","timestamp":1791410066685,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,10,1]],"date-time":"2011-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1317427200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,30]],"date-time":"2011-06-30T02:48:55Z","timestamp":1309402135000},"page":"5-11","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":49,"title":["Associations between polysubstance use and psychiatric problems in a criminal justice population in Sweden"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"A.","family":"Hakansson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"F.","family":"Schlyter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M.","family":"Berglund","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230120058588","article-title":"Multiple drug use: patterns and practices of heroin and crack use in a population of opiate addicts in treatment","volume":"20","author":"Beswick","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"781","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a010278","article-title":"Associations of substance use, abuse, and dependence with subsequent suicidal behavior","volume":"151","author":"Borges","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-9-48","article-title":"Number of addictive substances related to increased risk of unnatural death: a combined medico-legal and case-record study","volume":"9","author":"Bradvik","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.01.021","article-title":"Polydrug use and implications for longitudinal research: ten-year trajectories for heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine users","volume":"96","author":"Brecht","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1159\/000090429","article-title":"Severity profiles of substance-abusing patients in Italian community addiction facilities: influence of psychiatric concurrent disorders","volume":"12","author":"Carr\u00e0","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00376.x","article-title":"Opiates, cocaine and alcohol combinations in accidental drug overdose deaths in New York City, 1990\u201398","volume":"98","author":"Coffin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(95)01171-9","article-title":"Levels and correlates of polydrug use among heroin users and regular amphetamine users","volume":"39","author":"Darke","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00117-8","article-title":"Polydrug dependence and psychiatric comorbidity among heroin injectors","volume":"48","author":"Darke","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.010","article-title":"Patterns and correlates of attempted suicide by heroin users over a 3-year period: findings from the Australian treatment outcome study","volume":"87","author":"Darke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"425","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230500286005","article-title":"Non-fatal heroin overdose, treatment exposure and client characteristics: findings from the Australian treatment outcome study (ATOS)","volume":"24","author":"Darke","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.5.4.353","article-title":"Concurrent versus simultaneous polydrug use: prevalence, correlates, discriminant validity, and prospective effects on health outcomes","volume":"5","author":"Earlywine","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.173.2.166","article-title":"Substance use, health and social problems of service users at 54 treatment agencies","volume":"173","author":"Gossop","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00079.x","article-title":"A prospective study of mortality among drug misusers during a 4-year period after seeking treatment","volume":"97","author":"Gossop","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1233","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.328.7450.1233","article-title":"Substance misuse and violent crime: Swedish population study","volume":"328","author":"Grann","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0080","unstructured":"Hakansson, A., 2009. Overdoses, suicidal behaviour and clinical characteristics in heavy drug users. Studies in the criminal justice system. Doctoral dissertation, Lund University, Sweden."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.10.014","article-title":"Factors associated with history of non-fatal overdose among opioid users in the Swedish criminal justice system","volume":"94","author":"Hakansson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(89)90041-X","article-title":"The Addiction Severity Index: reliability and validity in a Dutch addict population","volume":"6","author":"Hendriks","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.9422216.x","article-title":"The quantification of mortality resulting from the regular use of illicit opiates","volume":"94","author":"Hulse","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-2-33","article-title":"Mono- versus polydrug abuse patterns among publicly funded clients","volume":"2","author":"Kedia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Subst. Abuse Treat. Prev. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1159\/000259089","article-title":"EuropASI: European adaptation of a multidimensional assessment instrument for drug and alcohol dependence","volume":"1","author":"Kokkevi","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2007.05.024","article-title":"Assessment of depressive symptom severity among patients with co-occurring bipolar disorder and substance dependence","volume":"106","author":"Kolodziej","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00236.x","article-title":"Understanding polydrug use: review of heroin and cocaine co-use","volume":"98","author":"Leri","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.9.4.523","article-title":"Subtypes of illicit drug users: a latent class analysis of data from an Australian twin sample","volume":"9","author":"Lynskey","year":"2006","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.176.3.285","article-title":"Psychiatric symptoms among clients seeking treatment for drug dependence","volume":"176","author":"Marsden","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999309001639","article-title":"Patterns of polydrug use in adolescent alcohol abusers","volume":"19","author":"Martin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2009.04.012","article-title":"Mono- and polysubstance dependent subjects differ on social factors, childhood trauma, personality, suicidal behaviour, and comorbid Axis I diagnoses","volume":"34","author":"Martinotti","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2006.67.529","article-title":"Simultaneous and concurrent polydrug use of alcohol and prescription drugs: prevalence, correlates, and consequences","volume":"67","author":"McCabe","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490500528316","article-title":"The Addiction Severity Index at 25: origins, contributions and transitions","volume":"15","author":"McLellan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(81)90083-1","article-title":"Psychological severity and response to alcoholism rehabilitation","volume":"8","author":"McLellan","year":"1981","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S","article-title":"The fifth edition of the Addiction Severity Index","volume":"9","author":"McLellan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1097\/00005053-198001000-00006","article-title":"An improved diagnostic evaluation instrument for substance abuse patients. The Addiction Severity Index","volume":"168","author":"McLellan","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Nerv. Ment. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.017","article-title":"Women-only and mixed-gender drug abuse treatment programs: service needs, utilization and outcomes","volume":"87","author":"Niv","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0170","series-title":"ASI-X V 1.1","author":"\u00d6berg","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.09.005","article-title":"Prevalence of physical and sexual abuse among substance abuse patients and impact on treatment outcomes","volume":"78","author":"Pirard","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01592.x","article-title":"Comorbidity between substance use disorders and psychiatric conditions","volume":"101","author":"Schuckit","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.01.013","article-title":"Childhood sexual abuse and adolescent substance use: a latent class analysis","volume":"109","author":"Shin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.5.393","article-title":"Violence by people discharged from acute psychiatric inpatient facilities and by others in the same neighborhoods","volume":"55","author":"Steadman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0195","series-title":"Concurrent Illicit Drug and Alcohol Use","author":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0200","series-title":"Kriminalv\u00e5rd och statistik 2006","author":"Swedish Prison and Probation Service","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0205","series-title":"Kriminalv\u00e5rdens redovisning om drogsituationen","author":"Swedish Prison and Probation Service","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1080\/14659890410001697505","article-title":"Implementing the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) in Swedish human services sectors: experiences, problems and prospects","volume":"9","author":"Tengvald","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Subst. Use"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1113","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.96811135.x","article-title":"Heroin overdose: causes and consequences","volume":"96","author":"Warner-Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.08.010","article-title":"The effect of persistence of cocaine use on 12-month outcomes for the treatment of heroin dependence","volume":"81","author":"Williamson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(94)90005-1","article-title":"Reliability and validity of the Addiction Severity Index with a homeless sample","volume":"11","author":"Zanis","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871611000986?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871611000986?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T14:26:31Z","timestamp":1543674391000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871611000986"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]},"references-count":44,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S0376871611000986"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.02.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,10]]}}}