{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T15:43:23Z","timestamp":1781019803494,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"2-3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,11,1]],"date-time":"2011-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1320105600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,6,25]],"date-time":"2011-06-25T10:51:02Z","timestamp":1308999062000},"page":"383-390","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Self-reported drug use and mortality among a nationwide sample of Swedish conscripts \u2013 A 35-year follow-up"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Ingrid","family":"Davstad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Allebeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Leifman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marlene","family":"Stenbacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anders","family":"Romelsj\u00f6","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1219","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/26.6.1219","article-title":"Has mortality in drug addicts increased? A comparison between two hospitalized cohorts in Stockholm","volume":"26","author":"Adamsson Wahren","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0010","series-title":"Missbruk av narkotika, thinner och l\u00e4kemedel bland inskrivningsskyldiga 1967\u20131970\/71 (Use of narcotics, solvents and drugs among conscripts 1967\u20131970\/71.) A-rapport nr 15, april 1972","author":"Agrell","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.297.6642.176","article-title":"Predictors of completed suicide in a cohort of 50465 young men: role of personality and deviant behaviour","volume":"297","author":"Allebeck","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.296.6628.1021","article-title":"Alcohol and mortality among young men: longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts","volume":"296","author":"Andr\u00e9asson","year":"1988","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1177\/140349489001800102","article-title":"Cannabis and mortality among young men: a longitudinal study of Swedish conscripts","volume":"18","author":"Andr\u00e9asson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Scand. J. Soc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01843.x","article-title":"Alcohol, social factors and mortality among young men","volume":"86","author":"Andr\u00e9asson","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.961014559.x","article-title":"Mortality among problem drug users in Rome: an 18-year follow-up study, 1980\u201397","volume":"96","author":"Bargagli","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2004.00602.x","article-title":"Mortality in a cohort of opiate and amphetamine users in Perth, Western Australia","volume":"99","author":"Bartu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e31818ba076","article-title":"IQ in early adulthood and mortality by middle age","volume":"20","author":"Batty","year":"2009","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1985.tb05045.x","article-title":"Validity of questionnaires in population studies on drug use","volume":"71","author":"Benson","year":"1985","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)14362-0","article-title":"Drug-related deaths by region, sex and age group per 100 injecting drug users in Scotland, 2000\u201301","volume":"362","author":"Bird","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-8-8","article-title":"A 20-year prospective study of mortality and causes of death among hospitalized opioid addicts in Oslo","volume":"8","author":"Bjornaas","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0065","unstructured":"Bykvist, S. 1997. Svenska narkotikamissbrukande kvinnor och m\u00e4n, missbruksf\u00f6rlopp och kriminalitet (Swedish men and women using narcotics, progression of drug use and criminality). Thesis. Stockholm University, Department of Social Work, School of Social Work, Stockholm, p. 299."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2009.00149.x","article-title":"Does cannabis use increase the risk of death? Systematic review of epidemiological evidence on adverse effects of cannabis use","volume":"29","author":"Calabria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0075","article-title":"Cognitive abilities - aspects of structure, process and measurement G\u00f6teborg studies in educational sciences 148","author":"Carlstedt","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Universitatis Gothoburgensis. G\u00f6teborg"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0080","unstructured":"Centralf\u00f6rbundet f\u00f6r alkohol- och narkotikaupplysning (Federation of alcohol- and drug awareness), 2007. Rapport nr 107. Drogutvecklingen i Sverige 2007 (Report No. 107. Drogutvecklingen i Sverige 2007 Drug development in Sweden in 2007), Stockholm.p. 25. http:\/\/www.can.se\/documents\/CAN\/Rapporter\/rapportserie\/CAN_RS_107.pdf (accessed 03.23.11)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0085","unstructured":"Centralf\u00f6rbundet f\u00f6r alkohol- och narkotikaupplysning (Swedish Council for Information on Alcohol and Other Drugs), 2010. Rapport nr 125. Drogutvecklingen i Sverige 2010 (Report No. 125. Drogutvecklingen i Sverige 2007 Drug development in Sweden in 2010), Stockholm. p. 104 http:\/\/www.can.se\/documents\/CAN\/Rapporter\/rapportserie\/can-rapportserie-125-drogutvecklingen-i-sverige-2010.pdf (accessed 03.23.11)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.85.1.41","article-title":"The natural history of drug use from adolescence to the mid-thirties in a general population sample","volume":"85","author":"Chen","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1214","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.11.1214","article-title":"Changing patterns in causes of death in a cohort of injecting drug-users 1980\u20132001","volume":"164","author":"Copeland","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0100","series-title":"Mortality Amongst Illicit Drug Users: Epidemiology, Causes and Intervention","author":"Darke","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291797005680","article-title":"IQ and risk for schizophrenia: a population-based cohort study","volume":"27","author":"David","year":"1997","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.056952","article-title":"Outcomes of occasional cannabis use in adolescence: 10-year follow-up study in Victoria, Australia","volume":"196","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(01)00130-2","article-title":"The relationship between cannabis use and other substance use in the general population","volume":"64","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.3109\/10826089109056241","article-title":"Mortality in patients with substance use - a follow-up in Stockholm county 1973\u201384","volume":"26","author":"Engstr\u00f6m","year":"1991","journal-title":"Int. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0125","series-title":"Annual Report 2010. The State of the Drugs Problem in Europe. Publications Office of the European Union. Luxembourg. Commentary: The Current Landscape for European Drug Policy","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0130","series-title":"Annual Report 2010. The State of the Drugs Problem in Europe. Publications Office of the European Union. Luxembourg. Chapter 1: Policies and Laws","author":"European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.003","article-title":"The developmental antecedents of illicit drug use: evidence from a 25-year longitudinal study","volume":"96","author":"Fergusson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"505","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.9545053.x","article-title":"Does cannabis use encourage other forms of illicit drug use?","volume":"95","author":"Fergusson","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0145","series-title":"Commission of Inquiry on Care of Drug Addicts. The Narcotic Problem. The Swedish Government Official Reports (SOU 1969 53)","article-title":"Case-finding survey ang\u00e5ende narkotikamissbrukare k\u00e4nda av olika myndigheter i Stor-Stockholm under tiden 1 juli\u201331 december 1967 (Case finding survey concerning drug users known by authorities in Stockholm area July 1\u2013December 31 1967)","author":"Frej","year":"1969"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1997.tb10147.x","article-title":"Mortality, and causes and manners of death among drug addicts in Stockholm 1985\u20131992","volume":"96","author":"Fugelstad","year":"1997","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01714.x","article-title":"Methadone maintenance treatment: the balance between life-saving treatment and fatal poisonings","volume":"102","author":"Fugelstad","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1093\/phr\/116.S1.136","article-title":"Factors associated with adolescent initiation of injection drug use","volume":"116","author":"Fuller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Public Health Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.2007.065508","article-title":"Is the association between childhood socioeconomic circumstances and cause-specific mortality established? Update of a systematic review","volume":"62","author":"Galobardes","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/27.3.473","article-title":"Mortality of drug addicts in the United Kingdom 1967\u20131993","volume":"27","author":"Ghodse","year":"1998","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2002.00079.x","article-title":"A prospective study of mortality among drug misusers during a 4-year period after seeking treatment","volume":"97","author":"Gossop","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.58.5.503","article-title":"A 33-year follow-up of narcotics addicts","volume":"58","author":"Hser","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.03.015","article-title":"Role of individual, peer and family factors in the use of cannabis and other illicit drugs: a longitudinal analysis among Finnish adolescent twins","volume":"97","author":"Korhonen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.55.5.334","article-title":"Smoking in adolescence and young adulthood and mortality in later life: prospective observational study","volume":"55","author":"McCarron","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Community Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(97)06364-2","article-title":"Predictors of suicide, accidental death, and premature natural death in a general-population birth cohort","volume":"351","author":"Neeleman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"61","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0200","article-title":"Function of male youths during military service A follow-up study of a youth clientele","volume":"282","author":"Otto","year":"1980","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand. Suppl."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2007.02064.x","article-title":"The natural course of cannabis use, abuse and dependence during the first decades of life","volume":"103","author":"Perkonigg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.109.065227","article-title":"Cannabis and suicide: longitudinal study","volume":"195","author":"Price","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"649","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116344","article-title":"Protective factors and social risk factors for hospitalisation and mortality among young men","volume":"135","author":"Romelsj\u00f6","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1667","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1994.tb03767.x","article-title":"Suicide among drug addicts in Norway","volume":"89","author":"Rossow","year":"1994","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1441.030","article-title":"Chronic stress, drug use and vulnerability to addiction","volume":"1141","author":"Sinha","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1002\/cbm.1995.5.4.279","article-title":"Adult mortality in the light of criminality, substance abuse, and behavioural and family risk factors in adolescence","volume":"5","author":"Stattin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Crim. Behav. Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1080\/0959523031000154418","article-title":"Problematic alcohol and cannabis use in adolescence-risk of serious adult substance use?","volume":"22","author":"Stenbacka","year":"2003","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.9510157311.x","article-title":"The role of competence factors in reducing the future risk of drug use among young Swedish men","volume":"95","author":"Stenbacka","year":"2000","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1177\/140349489202000206","article-title":"Intravenous drug use in young men: risk factors assessed in a longitudinal perspective","volume":"20","author":"Stenbacka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Scand. J. Soc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02700.x","article-title":"Do cannabis drug abusers differ from intravenous drug abusers? The role of social and behaviourial risk factors","volume":"87","author":"Stenbacka","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0447.1988.tb05168.x","article-title":"Fatal outcome in drug addiction","volume":"77","author":"Tunving","year":"1988","journal-title":"Acta Psychiatr. Scand."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0260","series-title":"World Drug Report 2010. Illicit Drug Use at the Global Level 2008","author":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC)","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1007\/s001270050172","article-title":"Psychosocial characteristics in young men as predictors of early disability pension with a psychiatric diagnosis","volume":"34","author":"Upmark","year":"1999","journal-title":"Soc. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a008752","article-title":"Predictors of mortality in the Amsterdam cohort of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-positive and HIV-negative drug users","volume":"143","author":"van Haastrecht","year":"1996","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmhg.2006.04.002","article-title":"Patterns of mortality across 44 countries among men and women aged 15\u201344 years","volume":"3","author":"White","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Mens Health Gend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0280","series-title":"Global Health Risks. Addictive Substances","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0285","series-title":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Eight Revision (ICD-8)","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"1967"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0290","series-title":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Ninth Revision (ICD-9)","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"1978"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025_bib0295","series-title":"International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems. Tenth Revision (ICD-10)","author":"World Health Organisation (WHO)","year":"1992"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871611002110?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871611002110?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,12]],"date-time":"2019-06-12T08:34:04Z","timestamp":1560328444000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871611002110"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]},"references-count":59,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2-3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S0376871611002110"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.025","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,11]]}}}