{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:01:23Z","timestamp":1792458083026,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2011,12,1]],"date-time":"2011-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1322697600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001027","name":"Australian Government Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2011,7,5]],"date-time":"2011-07-05T07:45:08Z","timestamp":1309851908000},"page":"123-129","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":187,"title":["The Cannabis Withdrawal Scale development: Patterns and predictors of cannabis withdrawal and distress"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"119","author":[{"given":"David J.","family":"Allsop","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Melissa M.","family":"Norberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Copeland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanlin","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alan J.","family":"Budney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490802019519","article-title":"Is there evidence for symptoms of cannabis withdrawal in the National Epidemiologic Survey of Alcohol and Related Conditions?","volume":"17","author":"Agrawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0210","series-title":"Cat. no. PHE 98","article-title":"2007 National Drug Strategy Household Survey: first results","author":"AIHW","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e17465","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017465","article-title":"Aerobic exercise training reduces cannabis craving and use in non-treatment seeking cannabis-dependent adults","volume":"6","author":"Buchowski","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1097\/01.yco.0000218592.00689.e5","article-title":"The cannabis withdrawal syndrome","volume":"19","author":"Budney","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1967","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.161.11.1967","article-title":"Review of the validity and significance of cannabis withdrawal syndrome","volume":"161","author":"Budney","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.112.3.393","article-title":"The time course and significance of cannabis withdrawal","volume":"112","author":"Budney","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.94913114.x","article-title":"Marijuana withdrawal among adults seeking treatment for marijuana dependence","volume":"94","author":"Budney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2008.01.002","article-title":"Comparison of cannabis and tobacco withdrawal: severity and contribution to relapse","volume":"35","author":"Budney","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2114","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.17.2114","article-title":"Prevalence of marijuana use disorders in the United States: 1991\u20131992 and 2001\u20132002","volume":"291","author":"Compton","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1080\/09540260902782745","article-title":"Cannabis use disorder: epidemiology and management","volume":"21","author":"Copeland","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(00)00148-3","article-title":"Clinical profile of participants in a brief intervention program for cannabis use disorder","volume":"20","author":"Copeland","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490500418997","article-title":"Cannabis withdrawal among non-treatment-seeking adult cannabis users","volume":"15","author":"Copersino","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.02.001","article-title":"Cannabis withdrawal is common among treatment-seeking adolescents with cannabis dependence and major depression, and is associated with rapid relapse to dependence","volume":"33","author":"Cornelius","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02310555","article-title":"Coeficient alpha and the internal structure of tests","volume":"16","author":"Cronbach","year":"1951","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0070","series-title":"The Lifecycle of the Opioid User: Typical Beginnings, Trajectories and Outcomes","author":"Darke","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050141","article-title":"Toward a global view of alcohol, tobacco, cannabis, and cocaine use: findings from the WHO World Mental Health Surveys","volume":"5","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0080","series-title":"Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Non-patient Edition (SCID-I\/NP)","author":"First","year":"2002"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1093\/jat\/32.4.292","article-title":"Novel automated extraction method for quantitative analysis of urinary 11-nor-delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol-9-carboxylic acid (THC-COOH)","volume":"32","author":"Fu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Anal. Toxicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1992.tb02660.x","article-title":"Severity of dependence and route of administration of heroin, cocaine and amphetamines","volume":"87","author":"Gossop","year":"1992","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0095","series-title":"Cannabis Use and Dependence: Public Health and Public Policy","author":"Hall","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-007-1020-8","article-title":"Effects of THC and lofexidine in a human laboratory model of marijuana withdrawal and relapse","volume":"197","author":"Haney","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology (Berl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1354","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.v69n0902","article-title":"Cannabis withdrawal in the United States: results from NESARC","volume":"69","author":"Hasin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1986.01800030107013","article-title":"Signs and symptoms of tobacco withdrawal","volume":"43","author":"Hughes","year":"1986","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.8.4.483","article-title":"Abstinence symptoms during withdrawal from chronic marijuana use","volume":"8","author":"Kouri","year":"2000","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2006.03.030","article-title":"The use of GEE for analyzing longitudinal binomial data: a primer using data from a tobacco intervention","volume":"32","author":"Lee","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.04.010","article-title":"Cannabis withdrawal symptoms in non-treatment-seeking adult cannabis smokers","volume":"111","author":"Levin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.10.014","article-title":"The Severity of Dependence Scale (SDS) in an adolescent population of cannabis users: reliability, validity and diagnostic cut-off","volume":"83","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1097\/chi.0b013e31815cdd73","article-title":"Prospective assessment of cannabis withdrawal in adolescents with cannabis dependence: a pilot study","volume":"42","author":"Milin","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.08.008","article-title":"Cannabis withdrawal severity and short-term course among cannabis-dependent adolescent and young adult inpatients","volume":"106","author":"Preuss","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0215","series-title":"Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS) 1995-2007: National Admissions to Substance Abuse Treatment Services","author":"SAMHSA","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1993.tb02093.x","article-title":"Development of the Alcohol Use Disorders Screening Test (AUDIT). WHO collaborative project on early detection of persons with harmful alcohol consumption","volume":"88","author":"Saunders","year":"1993","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.86.2.420","article-title":"Intraclass correlations: uses in assessing rater reliability","volume":"86","author":"Shrout","year":"1979","journal-title":"Psychol. Bull."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1191","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.94811919.x","article-title":"The influence of heroin dose and route of administration on the severity of the opiate withdrawal syndrome","volume":"94","author":"Smolka","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0170","series-title":"Alcohol Timeline Followback Users\u2019 Manual","author":"Sobell","year":"1995"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-4679(197204)28:2<191::AID-JCLP2270280220>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Short, homogenous versions of the Marlowe\u2013Crowne social desirability scale","volume":"28","author":"Strahan","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"737","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2001.9657379.x","article-title":"Cannabis use and dependence among Australian adults: results from the National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing","volume":"96","author":"Swift","year":"2001","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0220","unstructured":"United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 2007. World drug report 2007. Geneva: United Nations."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.11.001","article-title":"Cannabis withdrawal in adolescent treatment seekers","volume":"78","author":"Vandrey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200923070-00001","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for cannabis dependence: how close are we?","volume":"23","author":"Vandrey","year":"2009","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.8.3.254","article-title":"Modern robust data analysis methods: measures of central tendency","volume":"8","author":"Wilcox","year":"2003","journal-title":"Psychol. Methods"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881108089584","article-title":"Lithium carbonate in the management of cannabis withdrawal in humans: an open-label study","volume":"23","author":"Winstock","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxf.)"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871611002663?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871611002663?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,1]],"date-time":"2018-12-01T13:20:46Z","timestamp":1543670446000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871611002663"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]},"references-count":41,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0376871611002663"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.06.003","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2011,12]]}}}