{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,18]],"date-time":"2026-03-18T12:58:54Z","timestamp":1773838734665,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3353,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,1,11]],"date-time":"2012-01-11T16:55:29Z","timestamp":1326300929000},"page":"S24-S32","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Genetic etiology of the common liability to drug dependence: Evidence of common and specific mechanisms for DSM-IV dependence symptoms"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Rohan H.C.","family":"Palmer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tanya M.","family":"Button","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Soo H.","family":"Rhee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robin P.","family":"Corley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Susan E.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael C.","family":"Stallings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christian J.","family":"Hopfer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John K.","family":"Hewitt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02213.x","article-title":"Are there genetic influences on addiction: evidence from family, adoption and twin studies","volume":"103","author":"Agrawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02294359","article-title":"Factor analysis and AIC","volume":"52","author":"Akaike","year":"1987","journal-title":"Psychometrika"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0015","series-title":"Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders","author":"American Psychiatric Association","year":"1994"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.2174\/138955707781387920","article-title":"The endocannabinoid signaling system: a potential target for next-generation therapeutics for alcoholism","volume":"7","author":"Basavarajappa","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mini Rev. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0025","first-page":"148","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of psychostimulant addiction","volume":"32","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chang Gung Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03060.x","article-title":"The Reliability of the CIDI-SAM: a comprehensive substance abuse interview","volume":"84","author":"Cottler","year":"1989","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-200103000-00005","article-title":"Validity of structured clinical evaluations in adolescents with conduct and substance problems","volume":"40","author":"Crowley","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(01)00130-2","article-title":"The relationship between cannabis use and other substance use in the general population","volume":"64","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2001","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1515","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.156.10.1515","article-title":"Effects of ADHD, conduct disorder, and gender on substance use and abuse in adolescence","volume":"156","author":"Disney","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0050","series-title":"The Causes and Effects of Smoking","first-page":"140","article-title":"New approaches to the analysis of twin data and their application to smoking behavior","author":"Eaves","year":"1980"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30464","article-title":"Association of the neuronal nicotinic receptor beta2 subunit gene (CHRNB2) with subjective responses to alcohol and nicotine","volume":"144","author":"Ehringer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B Neuropschiatr. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1145","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.10.1145","article-title":"Prospective effects of attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder, conduct disorder, and sex on adolescent substance use and abuse","volume":"64","author":"Elkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1125","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.59.12.1125","article-title":"Shared genetic risk of major depression, alcohol dependence, and marijuana dependence: contribution of antisocial personality disorder in men","volume":"59","author":"Fu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02456.x","article-title":"Pathways to cannabis abuse: a multi-stage model from cannabis availability, cannabis initiation and progression to abuse","volume":"104","author":"Gillespie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.11.964","article-title":"Commentary on: general and specific inheritance of substance abuse and alcoholism","volume":"55","author":"Goldman","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1080\/10550490802139010","article-title":"Sex differences in the heritability of alcohol problems","volume":"17","author":"Hardie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.5.2.113","article-title":"Estimating two-stage models for genetic influences on alcohol, tobacco or drug use initiation and dependence vulnerability in twin and family data","volume":"5","author":"Heath","year":"2002","journal-title":"Twin Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0285","series-title":"Gender and Alcohol","first-page":"114-149","article-title":"Gender differences in the genetic contribution to alcoholism risk and to alcohol consumption patterns","author":"Heath","year":"1997"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.08.007","article-title":"Evidence for a two-stage model of dependence using the NESARC and its implications for genetic association studies","volume":"92","author":"Heiman","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"443","DOI":"10.1037\/0021-843X.116.3.433","article-title":"Gender differences and developmental change in externalizing disorders from late adolescence to early adulthood: a longitudinal twin study","volume":"116","author":"Hicks","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"710","DOI":"10.1097\/01.CHI.0000046848.56865.54","article-title":"Review of twin and adoption studies of adolescent substance use","volume":"42","author":"Hopfer","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.clinpsy.4.022007.141157","article-title":"Behavioral disinhibition and the development of early-onset addiction: common and specific influences","volume":"4","author":"Iacono","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0105","series-title":"Monitoring the Future National Results on Adolescent Drug Use: Overview of Key Findings, 2007. NIH Publication No. 08-6418","author":"Johnston","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2006.10.007","article-title":"Multiple substance use among young males","volume":"86","author":"Kapusta","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.11.1313","article-title":"Specificity of genetic and environmental risk factors for symptoms of cannabis, cocaine, alcohol, caffeine, and nicotine dependence","volume":"64","author":"Kendler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291798008022","article-title":"A population-based twin study in women of smoking initiation and nicotine dependence","volume":"29","author":"Kendler","year":"1999","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.8.3.201","article-title":"Quantifying and addressing parameter indeterminacy in the classical twin design","volume":"8","author":"Keller","year":"2005","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1002\/da.20751","article-title":"Substance use, childhood traumatic experience, and posttraumatic stress disorder in an urban civilian population","volume":"27","author":"Khoury","year":"2010","journal-title":"Depress. Anxiety"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(00)00195-0","article-title":"Drug addiction, dysregulation of reward, and allostasis","volume":"24","author":"Koob","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703001582","article-title":"Defining nicotine dependence for genetic research: evidence from Australian twins","volume":"34","author":"Lessov","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00295.x","article-title":"A meta-analysis of estimated genetic and environmental effects on smoking behavior in male and female adult twins","volume":"98","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291704002405","article-title":"A twin study of genetic and environmental influences in tobacco initiation, regular tobacco use and nicotine dependence","volume":"34","author":"Maes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0155","series-title":"Mx: Statistical Modeling","author":"Neale","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0160","series-title":"Methodology for Genetic Studies of Twins and Families","author":"Neale","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0165","series-title":"MX: Statistical Modeling","author":"Neale","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9063-x","article-title":"Extensions to the modeling of initiation and progression: applications to substance use and abuse","volume":"36","author":"Neale","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9062-y","article-title":"Genetic and environmental influences on stages of alcohol use across adolescence and into young adulthood","volume":"36","author":"Pagan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.01.012","article-title":"Developmental epidemiology of drug use and abuse in adolescence and young adulthood: evidence of generalized risk","volume":"102","author":"Palmer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0185","series-title":"R: A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing","isbn-type":"print","author":"R Development Core Team","year":"2009","ISBN":"https:\/\/id.crossref.org\/isbn\/3900051070"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.9.6.941","article-title":"Colorado twin registry","volume":"9","author":"Rhea","year":"2006","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.12.003","article-title":"Comorbidity between alcohol dependence and illicit drug dependence in adolescents with antisocial behavior and matched controls","volume":"84","author":"Rhee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0200","first-page":"CD001867","article-title":"Opioid antagonists for alcohol dependence","volume":"8","author":"R\u00f6sner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2009.01120.x","article-title":"Common genetic contributions to alcohol and cannabis use and dependence symptomatology","volume":"34","author":"Sartor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0210","unstructured":"SAS, 2002\u20132003. SAS\/STAT Software, Version 9.1 of the SAS System for Windows. SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1039","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2007.10.024","article-title":"The CHRNA5\/A3\/B4 gene cluster variability as an important determinant of early alcohol and tobacco initiation in young adults","volume":"63","author":"Schlaepfer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.2174\/1874473710801020124","article-title":"The genetic components of alcohol and nicotine co-addiction: from genes to behavior","volume":"1","author":"Schlaepfer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Curr. Drug Abuse Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0225","first-page":"759","article-title":"The heritability of alcoholism symptoms: \u2018indicators of genetic and environmental influence in alcohol-dependent individuals\u2019 revisited","volume":"23","author":"Slutske","year":"1999","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0230","series-title":"Results from the 2007 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: National Findings","author":"Substance Abuse Mental Health Services Administration","year":"2008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.06.011","article-title":"Childhood or adolescent parental divorce\/separation, parental history of alcohol problems, and offspring lifetime alcohol dependence","volume":"98","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.7.655","article-title":"Common genetic vulnerability for nicotine and alcohol dependence in men","volume":"56","author":"True","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.55.11.967","article-title":"Co-occurrence of abuse of different drugs in men: the role of drug-specific and shared vulnerabilities","volume":"55","author":"Tsuang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(97)00087-2","article-title":"WHO study on the reliability of the alcohol and drug use disorder instruments: overview of methods and results","volume":"47","author":"\u00dcst\u0171n","year":"1997","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2003.08.002","article-title":"Liability to substance use disorders: 1. Common mechanisms and manifestations","volume":"27","author":"Vanyukov","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6610","DOI":"10.1006\/nlme.2002.4099","article-title":"Role of dopamine, the frontal cortex and memory circuits in drug addiction: insight from imaging studies","volume":"78","author":"Volkow","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Learn. Mem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(02)00225-9","article-title":"Substance use, abuse and dependence in adolescence: prevalence, symptom profiles and correlates","volume":"68","author":"Young","year":"2002","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9066-7","article-title":"Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities underlying adolescent substance use and problem use: general or specific?","volume":"36","author":"Young","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1391","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02243.x","article-title":"Genetic and environmental contributions to nicotine, alcohol and cannabis dependence in male twins","volume":"103","author":"Xian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871611005527?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871611005527?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T08:53:29Z","timestamp":1759827209000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871611005527"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["S0376871611005527"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Genetic etiology of the common liability to drug dependence: Evidence of common and specific mechanisms for DSM-IV dependence symptoms","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.12.015","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2012 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}