{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T04:14:31Z","timestamp":1791173671634,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,1]],"date-time":"2012-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1338508800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,6]],"date-time":"2021-08-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1628208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3353,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,2,13]],"date-time":"2012-02-13T07:00:28Z","timestamp":1329116428000},"page":"S42-S51","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Nicotine dependence and comorbid psychiatric disorders: Examination of specific genetic variants in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 nicotinic receptor genes"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"123","author":[{"given":"Li-Shiun","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Xian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Richard A.","family":"Grucza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nancy L.","family":"Saccone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jen C.","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric O.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naomi","family":"Breslau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Hatsukami","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura J.","family":"Bierut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1896","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02354.x","article-title":"Early cannabis use and DSM-IV nicotine dependence: a twin study","volume":"103","author":"Agrawal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.109","article-title":"Genome-wide association scan of tag SNPs identifies a susceptibility locus for lung cancer at 15q25.1","volume":"40","author":"Amos","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl441","article-title":"Novel genes identified in a high-density genome wide association study for nicotine dependence","volume":"16","author":"Bierut","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.2008.07111711","article-title":"Nicotine dependence and the a5-a3-b4 nicotinic receptor gene cluster: variants in the nicotinic receptors alter the risk for nicotine dependence","author":"Bierut","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1136\/tc.2008.027276","article-title":"Origin and use of the 100 cigarette criterion in tobacco surveys","volume":"18","author":"Bondy","year":"2009","journal-title":"Tob. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02196920","article-title":"Psychiatric comorbidity of smoking and nicotine dependence","volume":"25","author":"Breslau","year":"1995","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291703008869","article-title":"Daily smoking and the subsequent onset of psychiatric disorders","volume":"34","author":"Breslau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(03)00317-2","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders and stages of smoking","volume":"55","author":"Breslau","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.1994.55.149","article-title":"A new, semi-structured psychiatric interview for use in genetic linkage studies: a report on the reliability of the SSAGA","volume":"55","author":"Bucholz","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0050","first-page":"1226","article-title":"Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses \u2013 United States, 2000\u20132004","volume":"57","author":"CDC","year":"2008","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0055","first-page":"1227","article-title":"Cigarette smoking among adults and trends in smoking cessation \u2013 United States, 2008","volume":"58","author":"CDC","year":"2009","journal-title":"MMWR"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"537","DOI":"10.1038\/452537a","article-title":"Genomics: when the smoke clears","volume":"452","author":"Chanock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0065","series-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences","author":"Cohen","year":"1988"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200801901898","article-title":"The role of psychiatric disorders in the relationship between cigarette smoking and DSM-IV nicotine dependence among young adults","volume":"10","author":"Dierker","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0075","first-page":"162","article-title":"An epidemiologic analysis of co-occurring alcohol and tobacco use and disorders: findings from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"29","author":"Falk","year":"2006","journal-title":"Alcohol Res. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1375\/twin.10.3.470","article-title":"Common genetic risk of major depression and nicotine dependence: the contribution of antisocial traits in a United States veteran male twin cohort","volume":"10","author":"Fu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Twin Res. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0085","series-title":"QUANTO 1.1: A Computer Program for Power and Sample Size Calculations for Genetic-epidemiology Studies","author":"Gauderman","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.91.2.225","article-title":"Variation in youthful risks of progression from alcohol and tobacco to marijuana and to hard drugs across generations","volume":"91","author":"Golub","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1277","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291708003012","article-title":"Nicotine dependence and mental disorders among adults in the USA: evaluating the role of the mode of administration","volume":"38","author":"Goodwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Psychol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1107","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.11.1107","article-title":"Nicotine dependence and psychiatric disorders in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions","volume":"61","author":"Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1340","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e318185d2ad","article-title":"Comorbidity of psychiatric disorders and nicotine dependence among adolescents: findings from a prospective, longitudinal study","volume":"47","author":"Griesler","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158","DOI":"10.1001\/archgenpsychiatry.2011.136","article-title":"Personality disorders and the 3-year course of alcohol, drug, and nicotine use disorders","volume":"68","author":"Hasin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.1991.tb01879.x","article-title":"The Fagerstr\u00f6m Test for Nicotine Dependence: a revision of the Fagerstr\u00f6m Tolerance Questionnaire","volume":"86","author":"Heatherton","year":"1991","journal-title":"Br. J. Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1361","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1999.94913618.x","article-title":"A validity study of the SSAGA \u2013 a comparison with the SCAN","volume":"94","author":"Hesselbrock","year":"1999","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00053-8","article-title":"A multivariate genetic analysis of the use of tobacco, alcohol, and caffeine in a population based sample of male and female twins","volume":"57","author":"Hettema","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06885","article-title":"A susceptibility locus for lung cancer maps to nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit genes on 15q25","volume":"452","author":"Hung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg1578","article-title":"Gene\u2013environment interactions in human diseases","volume":"6","author":"Hunter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00381.x","article-title":"Probabilities of alcohol high-risk drinking, abuse or dependence estimated on grounds of tobacco smoking and nicotine dependence","volume":"98","author":"John","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1993.01820130038007","article-title":"Smoking and major depression. A causal analysis","volume":"50","author":"Kendler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwj058","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and incidence of first depressive episode: an 11-year, population-based follow-up study","volume":"163","author":"Klungsoyr","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"436","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.572","article-title":"Meta-analysis and imputation refines the association of 15q25 with smoking quantity","volume":"42","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200701705332","article-title":"A twin study of smoking, nicotine dependence, and major depression in men","volume":"10","author":"Lyons","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.107.046706","article-title":"Tobacco smoking as a risk factor for major depressive disorder: population-based study","volume":"193","author":"Pasco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02395.x","article-title":"Smoking, nicotine dependence and mental health among young adults: a 13-year population-based longitudinal study","volume":"104","author":"Pedersen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1069","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1988.01800360017003","article-title":"The Composite International Diagnostic Interview. An epidemiologic Instrument suitable for use in conjunction with different diagnostic systems and in different cultures","volume":"45","author":"Robins","year":"1988","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1001053","article-title":"Multiple independent loci at chromosome 15q25.1 affect smoking quantity: a meta-analysis and comparison with lung cancer and COPD","volume":"6","author":"Saccone","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.30828","article-title":"Multiple distinct risk loci for nicotine dependence identified by dense coverage of the complete family of nicotinic receptor subunit (CHRN) genes","volume":"150B","author":"Saccone","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. B: Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddl438","article-title":"Cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes implicated in a nicotine dependence association study targeting 348 candidate genes with 3713 SNPs","volume":"16","author":"Saccone","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2045","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2008.02363.x","article-title":"Early-onset depressive disorders predict the use of addictive substances in adolescence: a prospective study of adolescent Finnish twins","volume":"103","author":"Sihvola","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.02902.x","article-title":"Mental disorders as risk factors for substance use, abuse and dependence: results from the 10-year follow-up of the National Comorbidity Survey","volume":"105","author":"Swendsen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"441","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.571","article-title":"Genome-wide meta-analyses identify multiple loci associated with smoking behavior","volume":"42","author":"TAG","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06846","article-title":"A variant associated with nicotine dependence, lung cancer and peripheral arterial disease","volume":"452","author":"Thorgeirsson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.573","article-title":"Sequence variants at CHRNB3-CHRNA6 and CYP2A6 affect smoking behavior","volume":"42","author":"Thorgeirsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"655","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.56.7.655","article-title":"Common genetic vulnerability for nicotine and alcohol dependence in men","volume":"56","author":"True","year":"1999","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3125","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddp231","article-title":"Risk for nicotine dependence and lung cancer is conferred by mRNA expression levels and amino acid change in CHRNA5","volume":"18","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/48.9.1426","article-title":"Genetic covariation between serum gamma-glutamyltransferase activity and cardiovascular risk factors","volume":"48","author":"Whitfield","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1007\/s10519-006-9066-7","article-title":"Genetic and environmental vulnerabilities underlying adolescent substance use and problem use: general or specific?","volume":"36","author":"Young","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behav. Genet."}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871612000312?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871612000312?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,7]],"date-time":"2025-10-07T08:52:54Z","timestamp":1759827174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871612000312"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"references-count":47,"alternative-id":["S0376871612000312"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Nicotine dependence and comorbid psychiatric disorders: Examination of specific genetic variants in the CHRNA5-A3-B4 nicotinic receptor genes","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.01.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2012 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}