{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T17:50:35Z","timestamp":1790704235840,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"1-2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,11,1]],"date-time":"2012-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1351728000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,6]],"date-time":"2012-06-06T09:19:45Z","timestamp":1338974385000},"page":"131-137","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":72,"title":["Does active referral by a doctor or 12-Step peer improve 12-Step meeting attendance? Results from a pilot randomised control trial"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Victoria","family":"Manning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Best","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathan","family":"Faulkner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emily","family":"Titherington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alun","family":"Morinan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Keaney","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Gossop","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Strang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0005","unstructured":"AA Group Info, 2011. Weekly meetings in UK [email] Alcoholics Anonymous. Available from \/(accessed 22.08.11)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1080\/1556035X.2010.523362","article-title":"Recovery and straw men: an analysis of the objections raised to the transition to a recovery model in UK addiction services","volume":"5","author":"Best","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Groups Addict. Recov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0015","first-page":"1","article-title":"Using recovering alcoholics to help hospitalized patients with alcohol problems","volume":"50","author":"Blondell","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Fam. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1097\/ADT.0b013e31804eff1b","article-title":"Peer support during inpatient detoxification and aftercare outcomes","volume":"7","author":"Blondell","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict. Disord. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.579","article-title":"The persistent influence of social networks and Alcoholics Anonymous on abstinence","volume":"64","author":"Bond","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-3514.55.6.991","article-title":"Five domains of interpersonal competence in peer relationships","volume":"55","author":"Buhrmester","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Pers. Soc. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0035","unstructured":"Cocaine Anonymous UK, 2011. Available from http:\/\/www.cauk.org.uk\/index.asp (accessed 01.09.11)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1037\/0893-164X.10.2.90","article-title":"The religious background and behavior instrument: psychometric and normed findings","volume":"10","author":"Connors","year":"1996","journal-title":"Psychol. Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(01)00176-9","article-title":"Social behaviour and network therapy: basic principles and early experiences","volume":"27","author":"Copello","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01433.x","article-title":"Estimating the effect of help-seeking on achieving recovery from alcohol dependence","volume":"101","author":"Dawson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2005.08.009","article-title":"United Kingdom substance misuse treatment workers\u2019 attitudes toward 12-Step self-help groups","volume":"29","author":"Day","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1081\/ADA-100101848","article-title":"After drug treatment: are 12-Step programs effective in maintaining abstinence?","volume":"25","author":"Fiorentine","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1080\/1556035X.2010.523371","article-title":"Perceptions of 12-Step interventions among UK Substance-misuse patients attending residential inpatient treatment in a UK treatment setting","volume":"5","author":"Gaston","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Groups Addict. Recov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0070","series-title":"The Detection of Psychiatric Illness by Questionnaire","author":"Goldberg","year":"1972"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1093\/alcalc\/agg104","article-title":"Is attendance at alcoholics anonymous meetings after inpatient treatment related to improved outcomes? A 6-month follow-up study","volume":"38","author":"Gossop","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/1556035X.2011.571135","article-title":"The evolution of a UK evidence base for substance misuse recovery","volume":"6","author":"Groshkova","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Groups Addict. Recov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0085","series-title":"Drug Strategy 2010 Reducing Demand, Restricting Supply, Building Recovery: Supporting People to Live a Drug Free Life","author":"Government","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.15288\/jsa.2003.64.257","article-title":"Prior Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) affiliation and the acceptability of the twelve steps to patients entering UK statutory addiction treatment","volume":"64","author":"Harris","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0095","series-title":"131st Annual Meeting of the Amer","article-title":"Who attends self-help following substance abuse treatment?","author":"Horgan","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"974","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03691.x","article-title":"The alcoholics anonymous affiliation scale: development, reliability, and norms for diverse treated and untreated populations","volume":"22","author":"Humphreys","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.2001.tb02271.x","article-title":"Can encouraging substance abuse patients to participate in self help groups reduce demand for health care? A quasi experimental study","volume":"25","author":"Humphreys","year":"2001","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00212-5","article-title":"Self-help organizations for alcohol and drug problems: toward evidence-based practice and policy","volume":"26","author":"Humphreys","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1080\/10550880902772464","article-title":"Alcoholics Anonymous effectiveness: faith meets science","volume":"28","author":"Kaskutas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2009.01.004","article-title":"Effectiveness of making Alcoholics Anonymous easier: a group format 12-Step facilitation approach","volume":"37","author":"Kaskutas","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(03)00021-7","article-title":"Dropout from 12-Step self-help groups: prevalence, predictors, and counteracting treatment influences","volume":"24","author":"Kelly","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03593.x","article-title":"Determining the relative importance of the mechanisms of behavior change within Alcoholics Anonymous: a multiple mediator analysis","volume":"107","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0135","first-page":"119","article-title":"The role of Alcoholics Anonymous in mobilizing adaptive social network changes: a prospective lagged mediational analysis","volume":"114","author":"Kelly","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X07306745","article-title":"An exploration of the effect of onsite 12 step meetings on post treatment outcomes among polysubstance dependent outpatient clients","volume":"31","author":"Laudet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eval. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1300\/J020v23n01_04","article-title":"An exploratory investigation of the association between clinicians\u2019 attitudes toward twelve-Step groups and referral rates","volume":"23","author":"Laudet","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alcohol. Treat. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.75.4.542","article-title":"Changing network support for drinking: initial findings from the network support project","volume":"75","author":"Litt","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015252","article-title":"Changing network support for drinking: Network Support Project 2-year follow-up","volume":"77","author":"Litt","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1857","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.1998.9312185711.x","article-title":"The Maudsley Addiction Profile (MAP): a brief instrument for assessing treatment outcome","volume":"93","author":"Marsden","year":"1998","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1300\/J020v18n04_01","article-title":"How well does AA work? An analysis of published AA surveys (1968\u20131996) and related analyses\/comments","volume":"18","author":"McIntire","year":"2000","journal-title":"Alcohol. Treat. Q."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2288-7-30","article-title":"The Hawthorne Effect: a randomised, controlled trial","volume":"7","author":"McCarney","year":"2007","journal-title":"BMC Med. Res. Methodol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1177\/0193841X0102500205","article-title":"Effectiveness of continuing care interventions for substance abusers: implications for the study of long-term treatment effects","volume":"25","author":"McKay","year":"2001","journal-title":"Eval. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"735","DOI":"10.1002\/jclp.20259","article-title":"Participation in treatment and Alcoholics Anonymous: a 16-year follow-up of initially untreated individuals","volume":"62","author":"Moos","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ALC.0000057941.57330.39","article-title":"Participation in Alcoholics Anonymous: intended and unintended change mechanisms","volume":"27","author":"Owen","year":"2003","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2008.10399759","article-title":"Adolescent substance abuse treatment clinicians\u2019 self-help meeting referral practices and adolescent attendance rates","volume":"40","author":"Passetti","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-3204.30.2.357","article-title":"Motivation as a predictor of early dropout from drug abuse treatment","volume":"30","author":"Simpson","year":"1993","journal-title":"Psychother. Theor. Res. Pract. Train."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.3109\/00952998109009560","article-title":"The use of systematic encouragement and community access procedures to increase attendance at Alcoholic Anonymous and Al-Anon meetings","volume":"8","author":"Sisson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01391.x","article-title":"Intensive referral to 12-Step self-help groups and 6-month substance use disorder outcomes","volume":"101","author":"Timko","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0210","series-title":"Treatment Matching in Alcoholism","first-page":"184","article-title":"Participation and involvement in Alcoholics Anonymous","author":"Tonigan","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0215","unstructured":"UK Narcotics Anonymous, 2011. Available from http:\/\/www.ukna.org\/ (accessed 01.09.11)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00154-4","article-title":"Self-help group attendance and participation among cocaine dependent patients","volume":"60","author":"Weiss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004_bib0225","series-title":"Sponsor, Recovery Coach, Addiction Counselor: The Importance of Role Clarity and Role Integrity","author":"White","year":"2006"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S037687161200155X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S037687161200155X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,22]],"date-time":"2018-11-22T19:51:13Z","timestamp":1542916273000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S037687161200155X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1-2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}},"alternative-id":["S037687161200155X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.004","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,11]]}}}