{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,11]],"date-time":"2026-03-11T17:15:41Z","timestamp":1773249341756,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2012,12,1]],"date-time":"2012-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1354320000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2012,6,20]],"date-time":"2012-06-20T19:30:11Z","timestamp":1340220611000},"page":"286-295","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Risk factors associated with HIV\/HCV infection among entrants in methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China: A systematic review and meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"126","author":[{"given":"Xun","family":"Zhuang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yafei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric P.F.","family":"Chow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanxian","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David P.","family":"Wilson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"s93","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.1840360712","article-title":"Prevention of spread of hepatitis C","volume":"36","author":"Alter","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0010","first-page":"910","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV, HCV and syphilis infection at methadone maintenance treatment clinic in Liuzhou City","volume":"25","author":"Bai","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1258\/ijsa.2008.008362","article-title":"Systematic review of HIV and HCV infection among drug users in China","volume":"20","author":"Bao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120047495","article-title":"Gender differences in sharing injecting equipment by drug users in England","volume":"12","author":"Bennett","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1136\/ebmh.1.2.37","article-title":"Guidelines for evaluating prevalence studies","volume":"1","author":"Boyle","year":"1998","journal-title":"Evid. Based Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0030","first-page":"126","article-title":"Investigation of AIDS, hepatitis B and C among methadone-treated drug addicts women of childbearing age","volume":"23","author":"Cai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis. Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1097\/00042560-199801010-00011","article-title":"Epidemiology of HIV-1 infection in opiate users in northern Thailand","volume":"17","author":"Celentano","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0040","first-page":"1641","article-title":"Survey of infectious status of HIV, HBV, syphilis and HCV on 459 drug users","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pract. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0525","first-page":"2138","article-title":"Assessment of results of exchange of syringe among drug users in preventing the transmission of HIV\/AIDS","volume":"7","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"China Trop. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0045","first-page":"6","article-title":"Perfomance evaluation and policy recommendations on community methadone maintenance treatment in Guangdong Province","volume":"3","author":"Chen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Health Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0050","first-page":"81","article-title":"Analysis on the data of HIV Sentinel Surveillance in 2002\u20132006 in Anhui Province","volume":"15","author":"Cheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anhui J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2005.08.046","article-title":"Gender and HIV risk behavior among intravenous drug users in Sichuan Province, China","volume":"62","author":"Choi","year":"2006","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.5694\/j.1326-5377.1997.tb138757.x","article-title":"Incidence of bloodborne virus infection and risk behaviours in a cohort of injecting drug users in Victoria, 1990\u20131995","volume":"167","author":"Crofts","year":"1997","journal-title":"Med. J. Aust."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1080\/09540129650125489","article-title":"Gender differences in HIV risk behaviour of injecting drug users in Edinburgh","volume":"8","author":"Davies","year":"1996","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0070","first-page":"1","article-title":"A survey of HIV, HBV, HCV, HGV and TTV infections among drug abusers in Hubei Province","volume":"14","author":"Deng","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hubei J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0075","unstructured":"Division of Policy Research and Information NCAIDS, CDC, C., 2010. Gender Analysis of Data on HIV Epidemic and Response in Six Provinces (Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan, Henan, Hubei and Chongqing), China."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200004140-00011","article-title":"Correlates of HIV infection among young adult short-term injection drug users","volume":"14","author":"Doherty","year":"2000","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"646","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1965.03090080008002","article-title":"A medical treatment for diacetylmorphine (heroin) addiction","volume":"193","author":"Dole","year":"1965","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0090","first-page":"55","article-title":"HIV, HCV and syphilis infection among drug users in Luzhou City","volume":"25","author":"Dong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Infect."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.009","article-title":"Socio-demographic and clinical characteristics of 3129 heroin users in the first methadone maintenance treatment clinic in China","volume":"94","author":"Du","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1093\/jurban\/jtg137","article-title":"Gender differences in sexual and injection risk behavior among active young injection drug users in San Francisco (the UFO Study)","volume":"80","author":"Evans","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745-7254.2006.00270.x","article-title":"Recent trends in drug abuse in China","volume":"27","author":"Fang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Pharmacol. Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.3109\/00952999409106779","article-title":"A comparison of male and female intravenous drug users\u2019 risk behaviors for HIV infection","volume":"20","author":"Freeman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0115","first-page":"639","article-title":"Detection results of HIV, HCV and syphilis and behavior characteristics among 349 drug users in Hangzhou City","volume":"22","author":"Fu","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Radioimmunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh019","article-title":"Rapid transmission of hepatitis C virus among young injecting heroin users in Southern China","volume":"33","author":"Garten","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-3959(00)00069-4","article-title":"The sharing of injecting paraphernalia by intravenous drug users (IDUs) within a Worcestershire cohort, with specific reference to water and filters","volume":"11","author":"Gaskin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0130","first-page":"666","article-title":"Situations and trends of HIV and syphilis infections among drug users in China, 1995\u20132009","volume":"31","author":"Guo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0135","first-page":"75","article-title":"Survey on infection of HIV and HCV among 277 cases of methadone maintenance treatment","author":"Hao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Qinghai Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0140","first-page":"2","article-title":"Effect of family intervention on maintenance of methadone maintain treatment","volume":"6","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Pract. J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-5-29","article-title":"Predictors of HIV infection and prevalence for syphilis infection among injection drug users in China: community-based surveys along major drug trafficking routes","volume":"5","author":"Jia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.002","article-title":"Factors associated with methadone maintenance therapy use among a cohort of polysubstance using injection drug users in Vancouver","volume":"80","author":"Kerr","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1097\/01.qai.0000179429.57531.47","article-title":"The impact of sex partners\u2019 HIV status on HIV seroconversion in a prospective cohort of injection drug users","volume":"41","author":"Kerr","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1258\/jrsm.96.3.118","article-title":"Five steps to conducting a systematic review","volume":"96","author":"Khan","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Rev. Soc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(00)04562-1","article-title":"Sexual transmission of HIV-1 among injection drug users in San Francisco, USA: risk-factor analysis","volume":"357","author":"Kral","year":"2001","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1316.055","article-title":"Drug problem in southeast and southwest Asia","volume":"1025","author":"Kulsudjarit","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2000.10400451","article-title":"Adoption of injection practices in heroin users in Guangxi Province, China","volume":"32","author":"Lai","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Psychoactive Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0180","first-page":"19","article-title":"Reasons of heroin use during methadone maintenance treatment and effect of patient intervention on IT","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Drug Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0185","first-page":"24","article-title":"Effects of social function rehabilitation intervention on social support and happiness in patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment","author":"Li","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. Ment. Health J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0190","first-page":"2","article-title":"Influence of nursing intervene in detoxicant effect in heroin dependence","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Misdiagn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0195","first-page":"17","article-title":"A survey of HIV and HCV infections and related knowledge and behavioramong drug abusers in Yangjiang City, South China","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0200","first-page":"672","article-title":"Study on the time of retention and related influencing factors of patients receiving methadone maintenance treatment in Hunan province","volume":"30","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0205","first-page":"207","article-title":"Analysis of influencing factors of HCV infection in drug users from methadone maintenance therapy clinic in Xi\u2019an","volume":"15","author":"Li","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Drug Abuse Prev. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0210","first-page":"731","article-title":"Study on HCV co-infection in Yulin drug users","author":"Liu","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Pest Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0215","first-page":"4","article-title":"The effective evaluation of the methadone maintenance treatment of heroin addicts","volume":"13","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin. J. Drug Abuse Prev. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1038\/455609a","article-title":"The changing face of HIV in China","volume":"455","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0530","first-page":"729","article-title":"HIV, syphilis infections and their behavior characteristics analysis among drug users in Maanshan City, Anhui Province","author":"Mao","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Dis. Control Prev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0225","unstructured":"Ministry of Health People's Republic of China, Joint United Nations Programme on HIV\/AIDS, World Health Organization, 2011. 2011 Estimates for the HIV\/AIDS Epidemic in China, Beijing."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1000097","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1000097","article-title":"Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement","volume":"6","author":"Moher","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.92.3.385","article-title":"Age-specific seroprevalence of HIV, hepatitis B virus, and hepatitis C virus infection among injection drug users admitted to drug treatment in 6 US cities","volume":"92","author":"Murrill","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1305","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.1995.00430120091011","article-title":"Temporal trends of incident human immunodeficiency virus infection in a cohort of injecting drug users in Baltimore, Md","volume":"155","author":"Nelson","year":"1995","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)61097-0","article-title":"Global epidemiology of hepatitis B and hepatitis C in people who inject drugs: results of systematic reviews","volume":"378","author":"Nelson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S103","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000304704.71917.64","article-title":"Effectiveness of first eight methadone maintenance treatment clinics in China","volume":"21","author":"Pang","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"437","DOI":"10.1258\/0956462971920497","article-title":"Determinants of HIV seroconversion in injection drug users during a period of rising prevalence in Vancouver","volume":"8","author":"Patrick","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int. J. STD AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0260","first-page":"20","article-title":"AIDS epidemic status in Shenzhen, 1992\u20132003","volume":"30","author":"Peng","year":"2004","journal-title":"S. China J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0265","first-page":"3","article-title":"The effects of comprehensive psychological intervention in the treatment of heroin addicts","volume":"27","author":"Qi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int. J. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2007.07.002","article-title":"Impact of methadone on drug use and risky sex in China","volume":"34","author":"Qian","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-3-4","article-title":"Injection drug use and HIV\/AIDS in China: review of current situation, prevention and policy implications","volume":"3","author":"Qian","year":"2006","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1097\/01.olq.0000140018.24262.4a","article-title":"Community-based survey of HIV transmission modes among intravenous drug users in Sichuan, China","volume":"31","author":"Ruan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Sex Transm. Dis."},{"issue":"Suppl. 8","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S39","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000304695.54884.4f","article-title":"Incidence of HIV, hepatitis C and hepatitis B viruses among injection drug users in southwestern China: a 3-year follow-up study","volume":"21","author":"Ruan","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0290","first-page":"10","article-title":"Survey and analysis on the HCV infection among drug users","volume":"20","author":"Shi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Jiangsu J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0295","first-page":"27","article-title":"Analysis on the status of accepting AIDS preventive intervention among drug users","author":"Shi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Soc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a116750","article-title":"Differences in risk factors for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 seroconversion among male and female intravenous drug users","volume":"137","author":"Solomon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0305","first-page":"22","article-title":"Epidemiological survey on the HCV infection among drug users at methadone maintenance treatment in Nantong city","volume":"22","author":"Song","year":"2010","journal-title":"Med. J. Chin. People Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1281","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.161.10.1281","article-title":"Sex differences in risk factors for hiv seroconversion among injection drug users: a 10-year perspective","volume":"161","author":"Strathdee","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0315","first-page":"302","article-title":"HIV, HCV and TB infection among drug users receiving methadone treatment in Yuhuan country, Zhejiang province","author":"Su","year":"2010","journal-title":"Dis. Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0320","first-page":"975","article-title":"Epidemiologic investigation on an outbreak of hepatitis C","volume":"104","author":"Sun","year":"1991","journal-title":"Chin. Med. J. (Engl.)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.7150\/ijms.3.41","article-title":"Epidemiology of hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection","volume":"3","author":"Sy","year":"2006","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0330","first-page":"1152","article-title":"Investigation on AIDS related KAP among drug users in Chongqing","volume":"34","author":"Tan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0335","unstructured":"The Ministry of Public Security of the People's Republic of China, 2010. 1.33 Million Registered Drug Users Nationally in China, Beijing, vol. 2012. http:\/\/www.mps.gov.cn\/n16\/n1252\/n1897\/n2872\/2327636.html."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/155.7.645","article-title":"Risk of hepatitis C virus infection among young adult injection drug users who share injection equipment","volume":"155","author":"Thorpe","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0345","first-page":"303","article-title":"Homosexual prostitution among male drug users and its risk for HIV infection","volume":"67","author":"Van Den Hoek","year":"1991","journal-title":"Genitourin. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.35.12.3274-3277.1997","article-title":"Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C among injection drug users in Baltimore, Maryland","volume":"35","author":"Villano","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0355","first-page":"38","article-title":"Infection and risk factors of HIV and HCV among drug users in Zigong City","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"S. China J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0360","first-page":"652","article-title":"Analysis of the detoxification difficulty among 155 voluntary detoxification","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Qiqihar Med. Coll."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0365","first-page":"145","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV, HCV infection and syphilis among drug users at methadone maintenance clinics in Anshun","volume":"25","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Occup. Health Damage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0370","first-page":"703","article-title":"Seroepidemiology of HCV infection among different populations in Shanxi","volume":"17","author":"Wang","year":"2001","journal-title":"China Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0375","first-page":"71","article-title":"Hepatitis C virus infection among the plasmapheresis donors","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"1994","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1186\/1749-8546-4-20","article-title":"Prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection among drug users and the related factors","volume":"4","author":"Wang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pract. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05356-2","article-title":"Role of maintenance treatment in opioid dependence","volume":"353","author":"Ward","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1300\/J013v27n01_13","article-title":"Streets, drugs, and the economy of sex in the age of AIDS","volume":"27","author":"Weeks","year":"1998","journal-title":"Women Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0395","first-page":"5","article-title":"Effective evaluation of methadone maintenance treatment for heroin dependent patients in Xi\u2019an city","volume":"17","author":"Wei","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. Drug Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0400","first-page":"134","article-title":"Epidemiological survey on the HCV and HIV infection among drug users in Chongqing City","volume":"37","author":"Wu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mod. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0405","series-title":"15th International AIDS Conference","article-title":"Landmark Government Methadone Maintenance Program in Mainland China","author":"Wu","year":"2004"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0410","series-title":"International Conference on the Reduction of Drug Related Harm","article-title":"Methadone maintenance program in mainland China: from pilot to scale-up","author":"Wu","year":"2005"},{"issue":"Suppl. 8","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S115","DOI":"10.1097\/01.aids.0000304706.79541.ef","article-title":"Evaluation of a needle social marketing strategy to control HIV among injecting drug users in China","volume":"21","author":"Wu","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0420","first-page":"63","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV, HCV and Syphilis among heroin addicts at methadone maintenance treatment clinic in Shenzhen city","volume":"16","author":"Xia","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Drug Abuse Prev. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0425","first-page":"4616","article-title":"Epidemiological survey on the HCV infection among drug users in some areas of Jiangsu","volume":"34","author":"Xia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mod. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0430","series-title":"Fourth National Symposium on Immunodiagnostic and Vaccine","article-title":"Analysis of HCV infection among drug users in methadone clinics in Wuhua District of Kunming","author":"Xiang","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0435","first-page":"1140","article-title":"Investigation into the relationship between the high risk behavior of drug using population and HCV infection","volume":"6","author":"Xie","year":"2006","journal-title":"China Trop. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0440","first-page":"4","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus and hepatitis C virus infections among drug users in China","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chin. J. Dis. Control"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0445","first-page":"833","article-title":"Surveillance on HIV and syphilis infection in Chongqing City, 2004","volume":"33","author":"Xu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Mod. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0450","first-page":"85","article-title":"Co-infection with HCV and HGV among 107 injection drug users","volume":"34","author":"Yang","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. J. Prev. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0455","first-page":"3","article-title":"Reasons dropout from methadone maintenance treatment of 93 cases","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Dali Univ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0460","first-page":"125","article-title":"Adherence and related determinants methadone maintenance treatment among heroin addicts in Dehong prefecture, Yunnan province","volume":"32","author":"Yang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Chin. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0465","first-page":"498","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV, HCV and syphilis infection at methadone maintenance treatment clinic in Mianyang City","volume":"24","author":"Yao","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Prev. Med. Inf."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0470","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2007.11.091","article-title":"Willingness of Chinese injection drug users to participate in HIV vaccine trials","volume":"26","author":"Yin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"Suppl. 2","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0475","first-page":"ii29","article-title":"Scaling up the national methadone maintenance treatment program in China: achievements and challenges","volume":"39","author":"Yin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0480","first-page":"88","article-title":"Investigation on HCV infection among drug users in methadone maintenance treatment","volume":"16","author":"Zhang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Drug Abuse Prev. Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0485","article-title":"Characteristics of drug users with co-infection AIDS and syphilis","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2009","journal-title":"China Pract. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.2174\/1874613601105010067","article-title":"Impact of HIV\/AIDS on social relationships in Rural China","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Open AIDS J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0495","first-page":"558","article-title":"Investigation of HIV, HCV and syphilis infection and associated behaviors among drug addicts in Yuxi, Yunnan province","volume":"23","author":"Zhao","year":"2008","journal-title":"Dis. Surveill."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0500","first-page":"55","article-title":"Behaviors and related factors of female drug users","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2000","journal-title":"Chin. J. Behav. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0505","first-page":"745","article-title":"HIV, HCV examination data analysis among drug users treated with oral methadone maintenance in Panzhihua City from 2005 to 2007","volume":"15","author":"Zhou","year":"2009","journal-title":"Prev. Med. Trib."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0510","first-page":"327","article-title":"An analysis of the quality of life and related faceors in herion addicts enforcing detoxification","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin. J. Behav. Med. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0515","first-page":"28","article-title":"Analysis of behavioral changes among clandestine prostitutes in Jiaozhou city","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chin. J. AIDS STD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028_bib0520","first-page":"340","article-title":"Monitoring and analysis of clinical blood in 613 MMT clients","volume":"16","author":"Zhu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chin. J. Drug Abuse Prev. Treat."}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871612001913?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871612001913?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,9]],"date-time":"2020-07-09T18:44:07Z","timestamp":1594320247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871612001913"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]},"references-count":106,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}},"alternative-id":["S0376871612001913"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2012.05.028","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2012,12]]}}}