{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T07:17:37Z","timestamp":1791357457657,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,1]],"date-time":"2017-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491004800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,2]],"date-time":"2017-02-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485993600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Denver Health and Hospital Authority"},{"name":"DHHA and private university funds"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","drugandalcoholdependence.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,3,29]],"date-time":"2017-03-29T03:17:21Z","timestamp":1490757441000},"page":"S4-S10","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"special_numbering":"S1","title":["Understanding the demand side of the prescription opioid epidemic: Does the initial source of opioids matter?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"173","author":[{"given":"Theodore J.","family":"Cicero","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Ellis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpainsymman.2005.10.006","article-title":"A comparison of the abuse liability of tramadol NSAIDs, and hydrocodone in patients with chronic pain","volume":"31","author":"Adams","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pain Symptom Manage."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2014.09.011","article-title":"Use of self-regulation to facilitate and restrain addictive behavior","volume":"44","author":"Baumeister","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2014.302147","article-title":"Moving beyond misuse and diversion: the urgent need to consider the role of iatrogenic addiction in the current opioid epidemic","volume":"104","author":"Beauchamp","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0020","first-page":"1069","article-title":"Keep off the grass: the economics of prohibition and US drug policy","volume":"91","author":"Boettke","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oregon Law Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1776","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.11.005","article-title":"Prescription opioid use among addictions treatment patients: nonmedical use for pain relief vs. other forms of nonmedical use","volume":"38","author":"Bohnert","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0030","unstructured":"Boyles S., CDC: Alarming increase in methadone deaths. Deaths from opioid painkillers have tripled since 1999. WebMD Health News. September, 30, 2009."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.3109\/15360288.2010.503730","article-title":"Emergency department visits involving nonmedical use of selected prescription drugs in the United States, 2004\u20132008","volume":"24","author":"Cai","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Pain Palliat. Care Pharmacother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2006.00259.x","article-title":"The development of a comprehensive risk-management program for prescription opioid analgesics: researched Abuse, Diversion and Addiction-Related Surveillance (RADARS\u00ae)","volume":"8","author":"Cicero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc1505541","article-title":"Shifting patterns of prescription opioid and heroin abuse in the United States","volume":"373","author":"Cicero","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1406143","article-title":"Trends in opioid analgesic abuse and mortality in the United States","volume":"372","author":"Dart","year":"2015","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0055","series-title":"Guidance For Industry: Abuse-Deterrent Opioids\u2014Evaluation And Labeling","author":"Foodand Drug Administration","year":"2013"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2013.09.008","article-title":"Nicotine aversion: neurobiological mechanisms and relevance to tobacco dependence vulnerability","volume":"76","author":"Fowler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2013.11.022","article-title":"Prevalence of Axis-1 psychiatric (with focus on depression and anxiety) disorder and symptomatology among non-medical prescription opioid users in substance use treatment: systematic review and meta-analyses","volume":"39","author":"Goldner","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1080\/02791072.2007.10399873","article-title":"Self-medication hypothesis of substance abuse: testing Khantzian\u2019s updated theory","volume":"39","author":"Hall","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Psychoact. Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1649","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.166.15.1649","article-title":"Chronic widespread pain and its comorbidities: a population-based study","volume":"166","author":"Kato","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1259","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.142.11.1259","article-title":"The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence","volume":"142","author":"Khantzian","year":"1985","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2012.694532","article-title":"Time to abandon the self-medication hypothesis in patients with psychiatric disorders","volume":"38","author":"Lembke","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.36076\/ppj.2010\/13\/401","article-title":"Therapuetic use, abuse and nonmedical use of opioids: a ten-year perspective","volume":"13","author":"Manchikanti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pain Physician"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2012.02.004","article-title":"Motivational subtypes of nonmedical use of prescription medications: results from a national study","volume":"51","author":"McCabe","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.06.005","article-title":"Trends in prescription drug abuse and dependence, co-occurrence with other substance use disorders, and treatment utilization: results from two national surveys","volume":"33","author":"McCabe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/0740-5472(92)90062-S","article-title":"The fifth edition of the addiction severity index","volume":"9","author":"McLellan","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1526-4637.2012.01327.x","article-title":"Do prescription monitoring programs impact state trends in opioid abuse\/misuse?","volume":"13","author":"Reifler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pain Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0115","first-page":"1","article-title":"The nonmedical use of prescription drugs by adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Rogers","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adolesc. Med. State Art. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-009-0053-6","article-title":"Substance abuse in the United States: findings from recent epidemiologic studies","volume":"5","author":"Schulden","year":"2009","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1177\/0022042613491099","article-title":"Perceived drug use functions and risk reduction practices among high-risk nonmedical users of prescription opioids","volume":"43","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annepidem.2010.03.010","article-title":"Nicotine dependence predicts repeated use of prescribed opioids. Prospective population-based cohort study","volume":"20","author":"Skurtveit","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0135","unstructured":"Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2013, Results from the 2012 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings. NSDUH Series H-46, HHS Publication No. 13\u20134795. Rockville, MD."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0140","series-title":"Office of the Press Secretary,. FACT SHEET: Obama Administration Announces Public and Private Sector Efforts to Address Prescription Drug Abuse and Heroin Use. October 21, 2015","author":"The White House","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S42","DOI":"10.4065\/mcp.2009.0648","article-title":"Assessment and treatment of psychosocial comorbidities in patients with neuropathic pain","volume":"85","author":"Turk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mayo Clin. Proc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1097\/ALN.0000000000000768","article-title":"psychiatric comorbidity is associated prospectively with diminished opioid analgesia and increased opioid misuse in patients with chronic low back pain","volume":"123","author":"Wasan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2007.12.008","article-title":"Nonmedical use of prescription opioids: motive and ubiquity issues","volume":"9","author":"Zacny","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pain"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871616300011?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871616300011?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,27]],"date-time":"2022-07-27T00:18:43Z","timestamp":1658881123000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871616300011"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"references-count":31,"alternative-id":["S0376871616300011"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Understanding the demand side of the prescription opioid epidemic: Does the initial source of opioids matter?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.03.014","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}