{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,20]],"date-time":"2026-06-20T05:16:48Z","timestamp":1781932608517,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,10,1]],"date-time":"2016-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1475280000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,5]],"date-time":"2016-09-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1473033600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","drugandalcoholdependence.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,4]],"date-time":"2016-09-04T09:32:07Z","timestamp":1472981527000},"page":"214-223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Risk-factors for methadone-specific deaths in Scotland\u2019s methadone-prescription clients between 2009 and 2013*"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"167","author":[{"given":"Lu","family":"Gao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Polyxeni","family":"Dimitropoulou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J. Roy","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart","family":"McTaggart","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marion","family":"Bennie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheila M.","family":"Bird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw060","article-title":"Data resource profile: the Scottish national prescribing information system (PIS)","author":"Alvarez-Madrazo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0010","unstructured":"Barnsdale, L., Gordon, R., McAuley, A., 2015. The National Drug-Related Deaths Database (Scotland) Report: analysis of deaths occurring in 2013. NHS Information Services Division Scotland, Edinburgh. http:\/\/www.isdscotland.org\/Health-Topics\/Drugs-and-Alcohol-Misuse\/Publications\/2015-04-28\/2015-04-28-NDRDD-Report.pdf; last (accessed 6.05.16.)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0015","unstructured":"Barnsdale, L., Gordon, R., Graham, L., Walker, D., Elliott, V., Graham, B., 2016. The National Drug-Related Deaths Database (Scotland) Report: analysis of deaths occurring in 2014. NHS Information Services Division Scotland, Edinburgh. http:\/\/www.isdscotland.org\/Health-Topics\/Drugs-and-Alcohol-Misuse\/Publications\/2016-03-22\/2016-03-22-NDRDD-Report.pdf; last (accessed 8.06.16.)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/2046-4053-3-45","article-title":"Sex differences in outcomes of methadone maintenance treatment for opioid addiction: a systematic review protocol","volume":"3","author":"Bawor","year":"2014","journal-title":"Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2012.11.010","article-title":"Methadone-related deaths in Norway","volume":"224","author":"Bernard","year":"2013","journal-title":"Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2010.490310","article-title":"Toxicology of Scotland\u2019s drugs-related deaths in 2000\u20132007: presence of heroin, methadone, diazepam and alcohol by sex, age-group and era","volume":"19","author":"Bird","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0035","series-title":"Drug-Related Deaths: What Needs to Be Done. Straight Statistics","author":"Bird","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.3109\/09687637.2014.981509","article-title":"Take-home naloxone to prevent fatalities from opiate-overdose: protocol for Scotland\u2019s public health policy evaluation, and a new measure to assess impact","volume":"22","author":"Bird","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drugs Educ. Prev. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"883","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13265","article-title":"Effectiveness of Scotland\u2019s National Naloxone Programme for reducing opioid-related deaths: a before (2006\u201310) versus after (2011\u201313) comparison","volume":"111","author":"Bird","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12035","article-title":"Editorial: counting the dead properly and promptly","volume":"176","author":"Bird","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01291-X","article-title":"Everyone counts\u2014so count everyone in England and Wales","volume":"387","author":"Bird","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2011.370","article-title":"Association between opioid prescribing patterns and opioid overdose-related deaths","volume":"305","author":"Bohnert","year":"2001","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.01.494","article-title":"Methadone safety guidelines. methadone safety: a clinical practice guideline from the american pain society and college on problems of drug dependence, in collaboration with the heart rhythm society","volume":"15","author":"Chou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.01.495","article-title":"Methadone overdose and cardiac arrhythmia potential: findings from a review of the evidence for an American Pain Society and College on Problems of Drug Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"15","author":"Chou","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0075","series-title":"Opioid Prescribing: Methadone Risk Mitigation","author":"Christie","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2007.10.009","article-title":"A community-based evaluation of sudden death associated with therapeutic levels of methadone","volume":"121","author":"Chugh","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c5475","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c5475","article-title":"Risk of death during and after opiate substitution treatment in primary care: prospective observational study in UK General Practice Research Database","volume":"341","author":"Cornish","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2011.05.001","article-title":"Risk of drug-related mortality during periods of transition in methadone maintenance: a cohort study","volume":"41","author":"Cousins","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13087","article-title":"Risk of mortality on and off methadone substitution treatment in primary care: a national cohort study","volume":"111","author":"Cousins","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x","article-title":"Mortality among regular or dependent users of heroin and other opioids: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"106","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0105","series-title":"Drug Misuse and Dependence\u2014Guidelines on Clinical Management","author":"Department of Health","year":"1999"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0110","series-title":"Drug Misuse and Dependence: UK Guidelines on Clinical Management","author":"Department of Health","year":"2007"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0115","article-title":"Methadone prescribing in Scotland: July 2009 to June 2013","author":"Dimitropoulou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plos One Under Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1153","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241140-00003","article-title":"Inter-individual variability of the clinical pharmacokinetics of methadone: implications for the treatment of opioid dependence","volume":"41","author":"Eap","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0125","unstructured":"Ellison, M., 2015. Methadone programme \u201cis a black hole\u201d says drug misuse expert. BBC Scotland Online: 25 March 2015. http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-scotland-31943109."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1136\/hrt.2006.100180","article-title":"Syncope and QT prolongation among patients treated with methadone for heroin dependence in the city of Copenhagen","volume":"93","author":"Fanoe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Heart"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0135","unstructured":"Ferguson, J., 2012. Scottish Government order review of \u00a336m methadone programme thanks to Daily Record campaign. Daily Record 6 October, 1."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2186","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2011.03575.x","article-title":"The increasing mortality burden of liver disease among opioid-dependent people: cohort study","volume":"106","author":"Gibson","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1001\/archinternmed.2011.117","article-title":"Less is more: opioid dose and drug-related mortality in patients with non-malignant pain","volume":"171","author":"Gomes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2015.00122","article-title":"Gender differences in pharmacokinetics and pharmaco-dynamics of methadone substitution therapy","volume":"6","author":"Graziani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Pharm."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0155","unstructured":"HM Government, 2010. Drug Strategy 2010. Reducing Demand, Restricting Supply, Building Recovery: supporting people to live a drug free life. Home Office, London. ISBN 978-1-84987-388-8. (see https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/118336\/drug-strategy-2010. pdf; last (accessed 31.05.6))."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0160","first-page":"295","article-title":"The Environment and disease: association or causation?","volume":"58","author":"Hill","year":"1965","journal-title":"Proc. R. Soc. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"711","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.20836","article-title":"Modelling the current and future disease burden of Hepatitis C among injecting drug users in Scotland","volume":"42","author":"Hutchinson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0170","series-title":"Prescription Cost Analysis","author":"Information Services Division, Scotland","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01512.x","article-title":"Methadone-associated torsades de pointes (polymorphic ventricular tachycardia) in opioid-dependent patients","volume":"101","author":"Justo","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1097\/00000542-200008000-00034","article-title":"Gender differences in opioid-mediated analgesia","volume":"93","author":"Kest","year":"2000","journal-title":"Anesthesiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c3172","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c3172","article-title":"Survival and cessation in injecting drug users: prospective observational study of outcomes and effect of opiate substitution therapy","volume":"341","author":"Kimber","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(15)00366-1","article-title":"Mortality risk of opioid substitution therapy with methadone versus buprenorphine: a retrospective cohort study","volume":"2","author":"Kimber","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.3109\/16066359.2012.706344","article-title":"Injecting drug users in Scotland, 2006: listing, number, demography, and opiate-related death-rates","volume":"21","author":"King","year":"2013","journal-title":"Addict. Res. Theory"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/rssa.12011","article-title":"Estimating prevalence of injecting drug users and associated heroin-related death-rates in England using regional data and incorporating prior information","volume":"177","author":"King","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. A: Stat. Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00205-7","article-title":"QTc interval prolongation associated with intravenous methadone","volume":"105","author":"Kornick","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-9-45","article-title":"Sex differences in opioid analgesia and addiction: interactions among opioid receptors and oestrogen receptors","volume":"9","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leece, P., Cavacuiti, C., Macdonald, E.M., Gomes, T., Kahan, M., Srivastava, A., Steele, L., Luo, J., Mamdani, M.M., Juurlink, D.N. for the Canadian Drug Safety and Effectiveness Research Network, 2015. Predictors of opioid-related death during methadone therapy. J. Subst. Abuse Treat. 57, 30\u201335.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2015.04.008"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.11.007","article-title":"Assessing risk for drug overdose in a national cohort: role for both daily and total opioid dose","volume":"16","author":"Liang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2590","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.1993.03510210076031","article-title":"Female gender as a risk factor for torsades de pointes associated with cardiovascular drugs","volume":"270","author":"Makkar","year":"1993","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1159\/000081416","article-title":"QTc interval prolongation in patients on long-term methadone maintenance therapy","volume":"11","author":"Maremmani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. Addict. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.b2225","article-title":"Factors associated with mortality in Scottish patients receiving methadone in primary care: retrospective cohort study","volume":"338","author":"McCowan","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"805","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6604563","article-title":"A record-linkage study of the development of hepatocelluar carcinoma in persons with hepatitis C infection in Scotland","volume":"99","author":"McDonald","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32832ff35d","article-title":"Hospitalisation of hepatitis C diagnosed persons in Scotland for decompensated cirrhosis: a population-based record linkage study","volume":"22","author":"McDonald","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0250","first-page":"6","article-title":"Risk of QT interval prolongation with methadone","volume":"31","author":"Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency (MHRA)","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Prob, Pharmacovigil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2011.05.010","article-title":"Mortality of those who attended drug services in Scotland 1996\u20132006: record linkage study","volume":"23","author":"Merrall","year":"2012","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0260","unstructured":"NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde Medicines Information Service, 2012. Drug induced QT prolongation. PostScriptExtra 21, 1\u20133"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0265","unstructured":"National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE), 2007. Methadone and buprenorphine for the management of opioid dependence. NICE Technology Appraisal Guidance 114."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0270","unstructured":"National Records of Scotland, 2015. Drug-related deaths in Scotland in 2014. Edinburgh: 25 August 2015. (see http:\/\/www.nrscotland.gov.uk\/files\/statistics\/drug-related-deaths\/drd14\/drugs-related-deaths-2014.pdf; last (accessed on 31.05.16))."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD008939.pub2","article-title":"QTc interval screening for cardiac risk in methadone treatment of opioid dependence (Review)","volume":"6","author":"Pani","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"h2698","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.h2698","article-title":"Benzodiazepine prescribing patterns and deaths from drug overdose among US veterans receiving opioid analgesics: case-cohort study","volume":"350","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25415","DOI":"10.17061\/phrp2541541","article-title":"Unleashing the power of administrative health data: the Scottish model","volume":"25","author":"Pavis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Publ. Health Res. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0290","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01668.x","article-title":"Corrected-QT intervals as related to methadone dose and serum level in methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) patients: a cross-sectional study","volume":"102","author":"Peles","year":"2007","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.782","article-title":"National record-linkage study of mortality for a large cohort of opiate users ascertained by drug treatment or criminal justice sources, 2005\u20132009","volume":"146","author":"Pierce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.018","article-title":"Quantifying crime associated with drug use among a large cohort of sanctioned offenders in England and Wales","volume":"155","author":"Pierce","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1111\/add.13193","article-title":"Impact of treatment for opioid dependence on fatal drug-related poisoning: a national cohort study in England","volume":"111","author":"Pierce","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.forsciint.2013.01.028","article-title":"A review of methadone deaths between 2001 and 2005 in Victoria","volume":"226","author":"Pilgrim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Aust. Forensic Sci. Int."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0315","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2005.01589.x","article-title":"Long QT syndrome: reduced repolarization reserve and the genetic link","volume":"259","author":"Roden","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Int. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0320","unstructured":"Scottish Drug Strategy Delivery Commission (Chair: Dr Brian A. Kidd; commissioned by Scotland\u2019s Chief Medical Officer), 2013. Independent Expert Review of Opioid Replacement Therapies in Scotland. Edinburgh."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0325","series-title":"Prescribing for opioid dependency. ScotpH O, 29","author":"Scottish Public Health Observatory","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"995","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2003.00425.x","article-title":"The role of methadone in drug-related deaths in the west of Scotland","volume":"98","author":"Seymour","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"issue":"640","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c4851","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c4851","article-title":"Impact of supervision of methadone consumption on deaths related to methadone overdose (1993\u20132008): analyses using OD4 index in England and Scotland","volume":"341","author":"Strang","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g6580","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g6580","article-title":"Take-home emergency naloxone to prevent deaths from heroin overdose (editorial)","volume":"349","author":"Strang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"Suppl. 1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0345","first-page":"29","article-title":"For the national methadone maintennce treatment working group 2014 who uses methadone services in China? Monitoring the world\u2019s largest methadone programme","volume":"110","author":"Sullivan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0350","unstructured":"The Scottish Government, 2008. The Road to Recovery: A New Approach to Tackling Scotland\u2019s Drug Problem. Edinburgh http:\/\/www.gov.scot\/Resource\/Doc\/224480\/0060586.pdf; last (accessed 31.05.16)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(98)05356-2","article-title":"Role of maintenance treatment in opioid dependence","volume":"353","author":"Ward","year":"1999","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2469","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.167.22.2469","article-title":"QT-interval effects of methadone, levomethadyl, and buprenorphine in a randomized trial","volume":"167","author":"Wedman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Int. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2014.01.496","article-title":"Methadone safety guidelines: research gaps on methadone harms and comparative harms: findings from a review of evidence for an American Pain Society and College on Problems of Drug Dependence Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"15","author":"Weimer","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pain"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"White, M., Burton, R., Darke, S., Eastwood, B., Knight, J., Millar, T., Musto, V., Marsden, J., 2015. Fatal opioid poisoning: a counterfactual model to estimate the preventive effect of treatment for opioid use disorder in England. Addiction 110, 1321\u20131329.","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12971"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1111\/add.12971","article-title":"Fatal opioid poisoning: a counterfactual model to estimate the preventive effect of treatment for opioid use disorder in England","volume":"110","author":"White","year":"2015","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12143","article-title":"Opioid-related mortality and filled prescription for buprenorphine and methadone","volume":"33","author":"Winker","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0385","unstructured":"World Health Organization, 2009. Guidelines For The Psychosocially-Assisted Pharmacological Treatment Of Opioid Dependence. WHO, Geneva http:\/\/www.who.int\/substance_abuse\/publications\/opioid_dependence_guidelines.pdf; last (accessed 31.05.16)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1360-0443.2000.951778.x","article-title":"Deaths in methadone maintenance treatment in new south wales, Australia 1990\u20131995","volume":"95","author":"Zador","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addiction"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871616308699?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871616308699?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,13]],"date-time":"2019-09-13T01:55:57Z","timestamp":1568339757000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871616308699"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"references-count":78,"alternative-id":["S0376871616308699"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Risk-factors for methadone-specific deaths in Scotland\u2019s methadone-prescription clients between 2009 and 2013*","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.627","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ireland Ltd.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}