{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,21]],"date-time":"2026-07-21T15:07:57Z","timestamp":1784646477015,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,2,1]],"date-time":"2017-02-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1485907200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","drugandalcoholdependence.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,24]],"date-time":"2016-11-24T18:45:43Z","timestamp":1480013143000},"page":"31-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":43,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Excess mortality among people who report lifetime use of illegal drugs in the United States: A 20-year follow-up of a nationally representative survey"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"171","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7221-3089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elizabeth Reisinger","family":"Walker","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura A.","family":"Pratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte A.","family":"Schoenborn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Benjamin G.","family":"Druss","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0005","series-title":"Current Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey, 1991","author":"Adams","year":"1992"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1676","DOI":"10.1176\/ps.2009.60.12.1676","article-title":"Access to medical care, use of preventive services, and chronic conditions among adults in substance abuse treatment","volume":"60","author":"Benjamin-Johnson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Serv."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.12.025","article-title":"Double trouble: psychiatric comorbidity and opioid addiction \u2013 all-cause and cause-specific mortality","volume":"148","author":"Bogdanowicz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1465-3362.2009.00149.x","article-title":"Does cannabis use increase the risk of death? Systematic review of epidemiological evidence on adverse effects of cannabis use","volume":"29","author":"Calabria","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.11.003","article-title":"Mortality prior to, during and after opioid maintenance treatment (OMT): a national prospective cross-registry study","volume":"94","author":"Clausen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.5.566","article-title":"Prevalence, correlates, disability, and comorbidity of DSM-IV drug abuse and dependence in the United States: results from the national epidemiologic survey on alcohol and related conditions","volume":"64","author":"Compton","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1007\/s10488-012-0405-0","article-title":"Care integration in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act: implications for behavioral health","volume":"40","author":"Croft","year":"2013","journal-title":"Adm. Policy Ment. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60742-8","article-title":"Prevention of HIV infection for people who inject drugs: why individual, structural, and combination approaches are needed","volume":"376","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03140.x","article-title":"Mortality among regular or dependent users of heroin and other opioids: s systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies","volume":"106","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.026","article-title":"Mortality among cocaine users: a systematic review of cohort studies","volume":"113","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61530-5","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"382","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt219","article-title":"The relationship of mental and behavioral disorders to all-cause mortality in a 27-year follow-up of 4 epidemiologic catchment area samples","volume":"178","author":"Eaton","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.61.8.807","article-title":"Prevalence and co-occurrence of substance use disorders and independent mood and anxiety disorders: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions","volume":"61","author":"Grant","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2013.06.013","article-title":"Managing care for patients with substance abuse disorders at community health centers","volume":"46","author":"Gurewich","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2012.01.011","article-title":"Cigarette smoking, illicit drug use, and routes of administration among heroin and cocaine users","volume":"37","author":"Harrell","year":"2012","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0080","first-page":"235","article-title":"Reducing fatal opioid overdose prevention, treatment and harm reduction strategies","volume":"88","author":"Hawk","year":"2015","journal-title":"Yale J. Biol. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMsa1211128","article-title":"21st-century hazards of smoking and benefits of cessation in the United States","volume":"368","author":"Jha","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.62.6.617","article-title":"Prevalence, severity, and comorbidity of 12-month DSM-IV disorders in the national comorbidity survey replication","volume":"62","author":"Kessler","year":"2005","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2015.08.030","article-title":"Mortality among heroin users and users of other internationally regulated drugs: a 27-year follow-up of users in the Epidemiologic Catchment Area Program household samples","volume":"156","author":"Lopez-Quintero","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0100","article-title":"Design and estimation for the national health interview survey, 1985-94","volume":"2","author":"Massey","year":"1989","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.2471\/BLT.12.108282","article-title":"Mortality among people who inject drugs: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"91","author":"Mathers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bull. World Health Organ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.291.10.1238","article-title":"Actual causes of death in the United States, 2000","volume":"291","author":"Mokdad","year":"2004","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1111\/dar.12263","article-title":"Polysubstance use, mental health and high-risk behaviours: results from the 2012 Global Drug Survey","volume":"34","author":"Morley","year":"2015","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2011.553977","article-title":"Mortality associated with illegal drug use among adults in the United States","volume":"37","author":"Muhuri","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0125","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics Office of Analysis and Epidemiology, 2013. 2011 Linked Mortality Files Matching Metholodogy. Hyattsville, MD."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0130","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics, 1992. National Health Interview Survey, 1991: Drug and Alcohol Use Supplement. Hyattsville, MD."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0135","unstructured":"National Center for Health Statistics, 1992. National Health Interview Survey, 1991: Health Promotion and Disease Prevention Supplement. Hyattsville, MD"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0140","series-title":"Questionnaires, Datasets, and Related Documentation [WWW Document]","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0145","series-title":"NCHS Data Linked to Mortality Files [WWW Document]","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0150","series-title":"NCHS Data Linkage Activities [WWW Document]","author":"National Center for Health Statistics","year":"2016"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-11-122","article-title":"Substance abuse and psychiatric co-morbidity as predictors of premature mortality in Swedish drug abusers a prospective longitudinal study 1970\u20132006","volume":"11","author":"Nyhl\u00e9n","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jadohealth.2013.07.009","article-title":"Incidence and determinants of cigarette smoking initiation in young adults","volume":"54","author":"O\u2019Loughlin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Adolesc. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2013.866860","article-title":"Smoking cessation outcomes and predictors among individuals with co-occurring substance use and\/or psychiatric disorders","volume":"10","author":"Okoli","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Dual Diagn."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2007.164.5.712","article-title":"Can psychiatry cross the quality chasm? Improving the quality of health care for mental and substance use conditions","volume":"164","author":"Pincus","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0175","first-page":"76","article-title":"Cocaine use and the likelihood of cardiovascular and all-cause mortality: data from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Mortality follow-up study","volume":"7","author":"Qureshi","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Interv. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0180","first-page":"849","article-title":"Increases in heroin overdose deaths\u201428 states, 2010 to 2012","volume":"63","author":"Rudd","year":"2014","journal-title":"Morb. Mortalitiy Wkly. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0185","series-title":"Negative Moods as Correlates of Smoking and Heavier Drinking: Implications for Health Promotion, Advance Data from Vital and Health Statistics, No. 236","author":"Schoenborn","year":"1993"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.05.028","article-title":"Mortality among amphetamine users: a systematic review of cohort studies","volume":"105","author":"Singleton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.08.010","article-title":"Patterns of polydrug use in Great Britain: findings from a national household population survey","volume":"113","author":"Smith","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2014.2502","article-title":"Mortality in mental disorders and global disease burden implications: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"Walker","year":"2015","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1072","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2008.03.011","article-title":"Exercise-related activities are associated with positive outcome in contingency management treatment for substance use disorders","volume":"33","author":"Weinstock","year":"2008","journal-title":"Addict. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1575","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61611-6","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to mental and substance use disorders: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"382","author":"Whiteford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.09.019","article-title":"Achieving smoking abstinence is associated with decreased cocaine use in cocaine-dependent patients receiving smoking-cessation treatment","volume":"134","author":"Winhusen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871616310389?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871616310389?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,6]],"date-time":"2018-09-06T07:53:50Z","timestamp":1536220430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871616310389"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"references-count":43,"alternative-id":["S0376871616310389"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,2]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Excess mortality among people who report lifetime use of illegal drugs in the United States: A 20-year follow-up of a nationally representative survey","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.11.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 Elsevier Ireland Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}