{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T00:45:43Z","timestamp":1782521143326,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,11,1]],"date-time":"2017-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1509494400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"US National Institutes of Health","award":["U01DA038886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA038886"]}]},{"name":"US National Institutes of Health","award":["R01DA021525"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01DA021525"]}]},{"name":"US National Institutes of Health","award":["U01DA038886"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U01DA038886"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP-286532"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-286532"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000024","name":"Canadian Institutes of Health Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MOP-133538"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MOP-133538"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000024","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.fr","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]],"date-time":"2017-09-14T18:46:29Z","timestamp":1505414789000},"page":"304-310","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"special_numbering":"C","title":["The costs of crime associated with stimulant use in a Canadian setting"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"180","author":[{"given":"Benjamin","family":"Enns","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emanuel","family":"Krebs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kora","family":"DeBeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kanna","family":"Hayashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M-J","family":"Milloy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lindsey","family":"Richardson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evan","family":"Wood","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bohdan","family":"Nosyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3104","article-title":"Opiate versus psychostimulant addiction: the differences do matter","volume":"12","author":"Badiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0010","first-page":"S235","article-title":"Cost and utilization outcomes of opioid-dependence treatments","volume":"17","author":"Baser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Manag. Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1305","article-title":"Social costs of robbery and the cost-effectiveness of substance abuse treatment","volume":"17","author":"Basu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.avb.2008.02.001","article-title":"The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: a meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"Bennett","year":"2008","journal-title":"Aggress. Violent Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1176\/jnp.10.3.280","article-title":"The neuropsychiatry of chronic cocaine abuse","volume":"10","author":"Bolla","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neuropsychiatry Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.112.111583","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of injectable opioid treatment v. oral methadone for chronic heroin addiction","volume":"203","author":"Byford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2007.05.003","article-title":"Income generating activities of people who inject drugs","volume":"91","author":"DeBeck","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1530","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2009.02657.x","article-title":"Employment-based abstinence reinforcement as a maintenance intervention for the treatment of cocaine dependence: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"104","author":"DeFulio","year":"2009","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1564","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)61530-5","article-title":"Global burden of disease attributable to illicit drug use and dependence: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"382","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2013.12.025","article-title":"The global epidemiology and burden of psychostimulant dependence: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2010","volume":"137","author":"Degenhardt","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.330.7503.1297","article-title":"Cost utility analysis of co-prescribed heroin compared with methadone maintenance treatment in heroin addicts in two randomised trials","volume":"330","author":"Dijkgraaf","year":"2005","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2015.09.005","article-title":"Addressing the stimulant treatment gap: a call to investigate the therapeutic benefits potential of cannabinoids for crack-cocaine use","volume":"26","author":"Fischer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1016\/S0376-8716(99)00083-6","article-title":"Costs and benefits of treatment for cocaine addiction in DATOS","volume":"57","author":"Flynn","year":"1999","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1016\/S0740-5472(96)00128-6","article-title":"The costs of drug abuse consequences: a summary of research findings","volume":"13","author":"French","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1524-4733.2009.00660.x","article-title":"Good research practices for measuring drug costs in cost-effectiveness analyses: a societal perspective: the ISPOR Drug Cost Task Force report\u2014part II","volume":"13","author":"Garrison","year":"2010","journal-title":"Value Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1177\/002204268501500406","article-title":"The drugs\/violence nexus: a tripartite conceptual framework","volume":"15","author":"Goldstein","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Drug Issues"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2015.02.004","article-title":"Neuropsychiatric adverse effects of amphetamine and methamphetamine","volume":"120","author":"Harro","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990.2016.1186684","article-title":"Initiation of drug dealing among a prospective cohort of street-involved youth","volume":"42","author":"Hepburn","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1037\/1064-1297.15.3.301","article-title":"Depression ratings, reported sexual risk behaviors, and methamphetamine use: latent growth curve models of positive change among gay and bisexual men in an outpatient treatment program","volume":"15","author":"Jaffe","year":"2007","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2006.08.005","article-title":"The potential for accurately measuring behavioral and economic dimensions of consumption, prices, and markets for illegal drugs","volume":"90","author":"Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.3818\/JRP.7.1.2005.81","article-title":"Research note: how accurate are arrestees' self-reports of their criminal justice histories?","volume":"7","author":"Johnson","year":"2005","journal-title":"Just. Res. Policy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0110","series-title":"Substance Dependence, Abuse, and Treatment of Jail Inmates, 2002","author":"Karberg","year":"2005"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.09.007","article-title":"Dynamics in the costs of criminality among opioid dependent individuals","volume":"144","author":"Krebs","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0120","first-page":"13729","article-title":"The costs of crime during and after publicly-funded treatment for opioid use disorders: a population-level study for the state of California","volume":"15","author":"Krebs","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2008.07.003","article-title":"Incidence and determinants of initiation into cocaine injection and correlates of frequent cocaine injectors","volume":"99","author":"Lloyd-Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1647","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2003.00541.x","article-title":"The relative contribution of outcome domains in the total economic benefit of addiction interventions: a review of first findings","volume":"98","author":"McCollister","year":"2003","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.12.002","article-title":"The cost of crime to society: new crime-specific estimates for policy and program evaluation","volume":"108","author":"McCollister","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1037\/a0018139","article-title":"Randomized trial of continuing care enhancements for cocaine-dependent patients following initial engagement","volume":"78","author":"McKay","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0145","series-title":"The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society","author":"National Drug Intelligence Center","year":"2011"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.110669","article-title":"Cost-effectiveness of diacetylmorphine versus methadone for chronic opioid dependence refractory to treatment","volume":"184","author":"Nosyk","year":"2012","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/10550887.2011.581989","article-title":"Comparing injection and non-injection routes of administration for heroin, methamphetamine, and cocaine uses in the United States","volume":"30","author":"Novak","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Addict. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0160","series-title":"ADAM II 2013 Annual Report","author":"ONDCP","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1177\/0011128708325048","article-title":"Criminality among rural stimulant users in the United States","volume":"57","author":"Oser","year":"2011","journal-title":"Crime Delinq."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02221094","article-title":"Drug abuse, crime costs, and the economic benefits of treatment","volume":"13","author":"Rajkumar","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Quant. Criminol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01312.x","article-title":"A comparison of contingency management and cognitive-behavioral approaches for stimulant-dependent individuals","volume":"101","author":"Rawson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2007.68.886","article-title":"The costs of alcohol, illegal drugs, and tobacco in Canada, 2002","volume":"68","author":"Rehm","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1136\/jech-2014-205079","article-title":"Socio-economic marginalization in the structural production of vulnerability to violence among people who use illicit drugs","volume":"69","author":"Richardson","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Epidemiol. Comm. Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1037\/0022-006X.75.5.823","article-title":"Meta-analysis of day treatment and contingency-management dismantling research: Birmingham Homeless Cocaine Studies (1990\u20132006)","volume":"75","author":"Schumacher","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Consult. Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2010.03.001","article-title":"Subtyping of substance use disorders in a high-risk welfare-to-work sample: a latent class analysis","volume":"38","author":"Schwartz","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abuse Treat."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2004.10.004","article-title":"Behavioral treatment approaches for methamphetamine dependence and HIV-related sexual risk behaviors among urban gay and bisexual men","volume":"78","author":"Shoptaw","year":"2005","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1097\/ADM.0000000000000047","article-title":"Powder and crack cocaine use among opioid users: is all cocaine the same?","volume":"8","author":"Stewart","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Addict. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F59","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-199708000-00001","article-title":"Needle exchange is not enough: lessons from the Vancouver injecting drug use study","volume":"11","author":"Strathdee","year":"1997","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2014.05.003","article-title":"The impact of engagement in street-based income generation activities on stimulant drug use cessation among people who inject drugs","volume":"141","author":"Ti","year":"2014","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"887","DOI":"10.1097\/00002030-200304110-00014","article-title":"Intensive injection cocaine use as the primary risk factor in the Vancouver HIV-1 epidemic","volume":"17","author":"Tyndall","year":"2003","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.3109\/00952990.2010.491877","article-title":"Is crack cocaine use associated with greater violence than powdered cocaine use? Results from a national sample","volume":"36","author":"Vaughn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02344032","article-title":"Social costs of untreated opioid dependence","volume":"77","author":"Wall","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Urban Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2010.03241.x","article-title":"The association between spending on methamphetamine\/amphetamine and cannabis for personal use and earnings from acquisitive crime among police detainees in New Zealand","volume":"106","author":"Wilkins","year":"2011","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1360-0443.2006.01385.x","article-title":"Changes in Canadian heroin supply coinciding with the Australian heroin shortage","volume":"101","author":"Wood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Addiction"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7517-3-18","article-title":"Evaluating methamphetamine use and risks of injection initiation among street youth: the ARYS study","volume":"3","author":"Wood","year":"2006","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0250","article-title":"Longitudinal community plasma HIV-1 RNA concentrations and incidence of HIV-1 among injecting drug users: prospective cohort study","volume":"30","author":"Wood","year":"2009","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.999","article-title":"Benefits and costs of methadone treatment: results from a lifetime simulation model","volume":"14","author":"Zarkin","year":"2005","journal-title":"Health Econ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1002\/hec.1735","article-title":"Benefits and costs of substance abuse treatment programs for state prison inmates: results from a lifetime simulation model","volume":"21","author":"Zarkin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Econ."}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871617304672?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871617304672?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2019,8,9]],"date-time":"2019-08-09T10:37:49Z","timestamp":1565347069000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871617304672"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"references-count":52,"alternative-id":["S0376871617304672"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0376-8716","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2017,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"The costs of crime associated with stimulant use in a Canadian setting","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.08.026","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2017 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}