{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,2]],"date-time":"2025-03-02T05:48:44Z","timestamp":1740894524150,"version":"3.38.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,13]],"date-time":"2026-02-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1770940800000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":318,"URL":"http:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/open-access\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,9]],"date-time":"2025-02-09T14:54:36Z","timestamp":1739112876000},"page":"112593","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Longitudinal patterns and predictors of opioid and stimulant use initiation and cessation among female sex workers living with HIV in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"269","author":[{"given":"Catherine G.","family":"Schluth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joseph G.","family":"Rosen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mfezi","family":"Mcingana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katherine B.","family":"Rucinski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Justin R.","family":"Knox","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carly A.","family":"Comins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Steingo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lillian","family":"Shipp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Siyanda","family":"Makama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Deliwe R.","family":"Phetlhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sharmistha","family":"Mishra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harry","family":"Hausler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Stefan D.","family":"Baral","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sheree R.","family":"Schwartz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s11469-017-9769-4","article-title":"Criterion validity of self-reports of alcohol, cannabis, and methamphetamine use among young men in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"16","author":"Arfer","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Ment. Health Addict."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-0913-0","article-title":"Drug use patterns associated with risk of non-adherence to antiretroviral therapy among HIV-positive illicit drug users in a Canadian setting: a longitudinal analysis","volume":"15","author":"Azar","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1002\/mpr.329","article-title":"Multiple imputation by chained equations: what is it and how does it work?","volume":"20","author":"Azur","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Methods Psychiatr. Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181900129","article-title":"Crack-cocaine use accelerates HIV disease progression in a cohort of HIV-positive drug users","volume":"50","author":"Baum","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (1999)"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2014.11.010","article-title":"High prevalence of non-fatal overdose among people who inject drugs in Malaysia: correlates of overdose and implications for overdose prevention from a cross-sectional study","volume":"26","author":"Bazazi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7294","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19127294","article-title":"Harmful alcohol and drug use is associated with syndemic risk factors among female sex workers in Nairobi, Kenya","volume":"19","author":"Beksinska","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-020-10039-2","article-title":"Low engagement in HIV services and progress through the treatment cascade among key populations living with HIV in Mozambique: alarming gaps in knowledge of status","volume":"21","author":"Boothe","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.158.16.1789","article-title":"The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions (AUDIT-C): an effective brief screening test for problem drinking. Ambulatory Care Quality Improvement Project (ACQUIP). Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test","volume":"158","author":"Bush","year":"1998","journal-title":"Arch. Intern. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110926","article-title":"Risks of returning to opioid use at treatment entry and early in opioid use disorder treatment: Role of non-opioid substances","volume":"251","author":"Castillo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1002\/nur.21928","article-title":"Siyaphambili protocol: an evaluation of randomized, nurse-led adaptive HIV treatment interventions for cisgender female sex workers living with HIV in Durban, South Africa","volume":"42","author":"Comins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Res. Nurs. Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-023-00364-3","article-title":"Estimating the impact of stimulant use on initiation of buprenorphine and extended-release naltrexone in two clinical trials and real-world populations","volume":"18","author":"Cook","year":"2023","journal-title":"Addict. Sci. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"639","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2021.1896660","article-title":"Polysubstance use and adherence to antiretroviral treatment in the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort","volume":"34","author":"Degarege","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS care"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2015.1046417","article-title":"Social support and mental health among adults prior to HIV counseling and testing in Durban, South Africa","volume":"27","author":"Drain","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.42676","article-title":"Drug overdose mortality among people experiencing homelessness, 2003 to 2018","volume":"5","author":"Fine","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-00986-z","article-title":"Motivation and context of concurrent stimulant and opioid use among persons who use drugs in the rural United States: a multi-site qualitative inquiry","volume":"21","author":"Fredericksen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-021-00266-2","article-title":"The impact of methamphetamine\/amphetamine use on receipt and outcomes of medications for opioid use disorder: a systematic review","volume":"16","author":"Frost","year":"2021","journal-title":"Addict. Sci. Clin. Pract."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0575-0","article-title":"Whoonga: potential recreational use of HIV antiretroviral medication in South Africa","volume":"18","author":"Grelotti","year":"2014","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3693-0","article-title":"Development and reliability of metrics to characterize types and sources of stigma among men who have sex with men and female sex workers in Togo and Burkina Faso","volume":"19","author":"Grosso","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"728","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16050728","article-title":"Evaluating the integrated methadone and anti-retroviral therapy strategy in Tanzania Using the RE-AIM Framework","volume":"16","author":"Hassan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib20","unstructured":"Humeniuk, R.E., Henry-Edwards, S., Ali, R.L., Poznyak, V., Monteiro, M. (2010). The ASSIST-linked brief intervention for hazardous and harmful substance use: manual for use in primary care."},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2907","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-022-03616-6","article-title":"The HIV cascade of care and service utilisation at sex work programmes among female sex workers in South Africa","volume":"26","author":"Jaffer","year":"2022","journal-title":"AIDS Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ssmmh.2021.100012","article-title":"Sexual IPV and non-partner rape of female sex workers: findings of a cross-sectional community-centric national study in South Africa","volume":"1","author":"Jewkes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ssm. Ment. Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e141","DOI":"10.1016\/S2468-2667(22)00252-3","article-title":"Interventions to improve health and the determinants of health among sex workers in high-income countries: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Johnson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1111\/hiv.13156","article-title":"Alcohol, smoking, recreational drug use and association with virological outcomes among people living with HIV: cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses","volume":"23","author":"Jones","year":"2022","journal-title":"HIV Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.4102\/phcfm.v15i1.3984","article-title":"Primary health care providers' views on managing substance use among people living with HIV","volume":"15","author":"Kaswa","year":"2023","journal-title":"Afr. J. Prim. Health care Fam. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.3928\/0048-5713-20020901-06","article-title":"The PHQ-9: A new depression and diagnostic severity measure","volume":"32","author":"Kroenke","year":"2002","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Ann."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3265","article-title":"Substance use patterns and HIV-1 RNA viral load rebound among HIV-positive illicit drug users in a Canadian setting","volume":"24","author":"Ladak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147662","article-title":"The HIV care continuum among female sex workers: a key population in Lilongwe, Malawi","volume":"11","author":"Lancaster","year":"2016","journal-title":"PloS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S63","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002641","article-title":"Intersectional stigmas and HIV-related outcomes among a cohort of key populations enrolled in stigma mitigation interventions in Senegal","volume":"34","author":"Lyons","year":"2020","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25641","article-title":"Effectiveness of a psychological intervention delivered by general nurses for alcohol use disorders in people living with HIV in Zimbabwe: a cluster randomized controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Madhombiro","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. AIDS Soc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugpo.2018.11.004","article-title":"\"Someone who is in this thing that I am suffering from\": the role of peers and other facilitators for task sharing substance use treatment in South African HIV care","volume":"70","author":"Magidson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Drug Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.2989\/16085906.2014.927779","article-title":"Alcohol consumption and high risk sexual behaviour among female sex workers in Uganda","volume":"13","author":"Mbonye","year":"2014","journal-title":"Afr. J. AIDS Res.: AJAR"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/16549716.2021.1953243","article-title":"Community-led cross-sectional study of social and employment circumstances, HIV and associated factors amongst female sex workers in South Africa: study protocol","volume":"14","author":"Milovanovic","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glob. Health Action"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-024-00965-4","article-title":"Adapting a health facility HIV stigma-reduction participatory training intervention to address drug use stigma in HIV care and treatment clinics in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania","volume":"21","author":"Mlunde","year":"2024","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-244X-14-100","article-title":"Perceived need for substance use treatment among young women from disadvantaged communities in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"14","author":"Myers","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-5-28","article-title":"Inequitable access to substance abuse treatment services in Cape Town, South Africa","volume":"5","author":"Myers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Subst. Abus. Treat., Prev., Policy"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.06.031","article-title":"Sex, drugs, and HIV: rapid assessment of HIV risk behaviors among street-based drug using sex workers in Durban, South Africa","volume":"67","author":"Needle","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soc. Sci. Med. (1982)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib38","first-page":"95","article-title":"Sex work, drug use and sexual health risks: occupational norms among brothel-based sex workers in a Nigerian City","volume":"11","author":"Nelson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Afr. J. Drug Alcohol Stud."},{"issue":"11-12","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"NP8818","DOI":"10.1177\/0886260520978188","article-title":"Co-occurring threats to agency among female sex workers in Baltimore, Maryland","volume":"37","author":"Nestadt","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Interpers. Violence"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000642","article-title":"The causal effect of opioid substitution treatment on HAART medication refill adherence","volume":"29","author":"Nosyk","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2084","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14506-w","article-title":"Concurrent use of opioids and stimulants and risk of fatal overdose: a cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Palis","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/s12954-020-00360-9","article-title":"Motivations for crystal methamphetamine-opioid co-injection\/co-use amongst community-recruited people who inject drugs: a qualitative study","volume":"17","author":"Palmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harm Reduct. J."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1136\/oemed-2019-105947","article-title":"Occupational barriers to accessing and adhering to antiretroviral therapy for female sex workers living with HIV in South Africa","volume":"77","author":"Parmley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2008.9724909","article-title":"Rapid assessment of drug use and sexual HIV risk patterns among vulnerable drug-using populations in Cape Town, Durban and Pretoria, South Africa","volume":"5","author":"Parry","year":"2008","journal-title":"SAHARA J: J. Soc. Asp. HIV\/AIDS Res. Alliance"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8185","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21218185","article-title":"Flakka: new dangerous synthetic cathinone on the Drug Scene","volume":"21","author":"Patocka","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2249","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17072249","article-title":"Young South African women on antiretroviral therapy perceptions of a psychological counselling program to reduce heavy drinking and depression","volume":"17","author":"Petersen Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2020.108322","article-title":"\"That person stopped being human\": intersecting HIV and substance use stigma among patients and providers in South Africa","volume":"216","author":"Regenauer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003356","article-title":"Polysubstance use profiles and HIV Viremia in a South African cohort of female sex workers: a latent class analysis","volume":"95","author":"Rosen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (1999)"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002432","article-title":"High HIV prevalence and low HIV-service engagement among young women who sell sex: a pooled analysis across 9 Sub-Saharan African Countries","volume":"85","author":"Rucinski","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (1999)"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1590\/S0034-89102010000400009","article-title":"Validity of the WHO VAW study instrument for estimating gender-based violence against women","volume":"44","author":"Schraiber","year":"2010","journal-title":"Rev. De. Saude Publica"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1136\/sextrans-2016-052773","article-title":"Engagement in the HIV care cascade and barriers to antiretroviral therapy uptake among female sex workers in Port Elizabeth, South Africa: findings from a respondent-driven sampling study","volume":"93","author":"Schwartz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sex. Transm. Infect."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2010.07.011","article-title":"Crystal methamphetamine use among female street-based sex workers: moving beyond individual-focused interventions","volume":"113","author":"Shannon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2017.12.025","article-title":"Crystal methamphetamine use and its correlates in women engaged in sex work in a developing country setting","volume":"185","author":"Shokoohi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.1267","article-title":"Why test for proportional hazards?","volume":"323","author":"Stensrud","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1S","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e46","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000003321","article-title":"Comparison of empirically derived and model-based estimates of key population HIV incidence and the distribution of new infections by population group in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"95","author":"Stevens","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. (1999)"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181e5b06a","article-title":"Lasagna plots: a saucy alternative to spaghetti plots","volume":"21","author":"Swihart","year":"2010","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.10.019","article-title":"You can't do this job when you are sober: heroin use among female sex workers and the need for comprehensive drug treatment programming in Kenya","volume":"194","author":"Syvertsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-017-0077-x","article-title":"Seek, test, treat: substance-using women in the HIV treatment cascade in South Africa","volume":"12","author":"Wechsberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"Addict. Sci. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1186\/1747-597X-4-11","article-title":"Substance abuse, treatment needs and access among female sex workers and non-sex workers in Pretoria, South Africa","volume":"4","author":"Wechsberg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Subst. Abus. Treat. Prev. Policy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1080\/09595230500537381","article-title":"The association between cocaine use and short-term outcomes for the treatment of heroin dependence: findings from the Australian Treatment Outcome Study (ATOS)","volume":"25","author":"Williamson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Rev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2017.1344767","article-title":"Distinctive barriers to antiretroviral therapy adherence among non-adherent adolescents living with HIV in Botswana","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261855","article-title":"Key risk factors for substance use among female sex workers in Soweto and Klerksdorp, South Africa: a cross-sectional study","volume":"17","author":"Yeo","year":"2022","journal-title":"PloS One"}],"container-title":["Drug and Alcohol Dependence"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871625000468?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0376871625000468?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,1]],"date-time":"2025-03-01T16:15:25Z","timestamp":1740845725000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0376871625000468"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["S0376871625000468"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593","relation":{},"ISSN":["0376-8716"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0376-8716"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Longitudinal patterns and predictors of opioid and stimulant use initiation and cessation among female sex workers living with HIV in South Africa","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2025.112593","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"112593"}}