{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:32:42Z","timestamp":1789471962808,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":158,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,1]],"date-time":"2020-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1606780800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"funder":[{"name":"Mu.Ta.Lig. COST Action","award":["CA15135"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CA15135"]}]},{"name":"Fondazione Vironet C"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Drug Resistance Updates"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,26]],"date-time":"2020-08-26T11:56:17Z","timestamp":1598442977000},"page":"100721","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Current status of antivirals and druggable targets of SARS CoV-2 and other human pathogenic coronaviruses"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"53","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Artese","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valentina","family":"Svicher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giosu\u00e8","family":"Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Romina","family":"Salpini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Velia Chiara","family":"Di Maio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammad","family":"Alkhatib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca Alessandra","family":"Ambrosio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Mercedes","family":"Santoro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehuda G.","family":"Assaraf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefano","family":"Alcaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Ceccherini-Silberstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0005","series-title":"Repurposing Simeprevir, Calpain Inhibitor IV and a Cathepsin F Inhibitor Against SARS-CoV-2: A Study Using in Silico Pharmacophore Modeling and Docking Methods","author":"Abhithaj","year":"2020"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2644","DOI":"10.1002\/jmr.2644","article-title":"Computational modeling of the bat HKU4 coronavirus 3CL pro inhibitors as a tool for the development of antivirals against the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) coronavirus","volume":"30","author":"Abuhammad","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Recognit."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00221-18","article-title":"Coronavirus Susceptibility to the Antiviral Remdesivir (GS-5734) Is Mediated by the Viral Polymerase and the Proofreading Exoribonuclease","volume":"9","author":"Agostini","year":"2018","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"October","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0020","first-page":"1","article-title":"Small-Molecule Antiviral \u2424-D-N4-Hydroxycytidine Inhibits a Proofreading-Intact Coronavirus with a High Genetic Barrier to Resistance","author":"Agostini","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"6223","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259210","article-title":"Structural basis for RNA replication by the hepatitis C virus polymerase","volume":"347","author":"Appleby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4906","DOI":"10.1021\/bi0361766","article-title":"Identification of Novel Inhibitors of the SARS Coronavirus Main Protease 3CL pro","volume":"43","author":"Bacha","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.2217\/fvl.11.33","article-title":"Recent developments in anti-severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus chemotherapy","volume":"6","author":"Barnard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Future Virol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105944","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105944","article-title":"Teicoplanin: an alternative drug for the treatment of COVID-19?","volume":"55","author":"Baron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4308","DOI":"10.1021\/bi1002585","article-title":"Mutation of Asn28 Disrupts the Dimerization and Enzymatic Activity of SARS 3CL pro","volume":"49","author":"Barrila","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2007764","article-title":"Remdesivir for the Treatment of Covid-19\u2014Preliminary Report","author":"Beigel","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6642","DOI":"10.3390\/v7122963","article-title":"Potential broad Spectrum inhibitors of the coronavirus 3CLpro: a virtual screening and structure-based drug design study","volume":"7","author":"Berry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0060","series-title":"Global Spread of SARS-CoV-2 Subtype With Spike Protein Mutation D614G Is Shaped by Human Genomic Variations That Regulate Expression of TMPRSS2 and MX1 Genes","author":"Bhattacharyya","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0065","article-title":"Infectious diseases society of America guidelines on the treatment and management of patients with COVID-19","author":"Bhimraj","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ1020","article-title":"Environmental contamination and viral shedding in MERS patients during MERS-CoV outbreak in South Korea","volume":"62","author":"Bin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.04.006","article-title":"Arbidol as a broad-spectrum antiviral: An update","volume":"107","author":"Blaising","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2757","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI138745","article-title":"Deployment of convalescent plasma for the prevention and treatment of COVID-19","volume":"130","author":"Bloch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.32794\/mr11250067","article-title":"ER stress and autophagy induced by SARS-CoV-2: the targets for melatonin treatment","volume":"3","author":"Boga","year":"2020","journal-title":"Melatonin Research"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0090","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genomic characterization of a newly discovered coronavirus","volume":"3","author":"Boheemen","year":"2012","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8455","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0400576101","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) infection inhibition using spike protein heptad repeat-derived peptides","volume":"101","author":"Bosch","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0100","first-page":"1","article-title":"A Randomized Trial of Hydroxychloroquine as Postexposure Prophylaxis for Covid-19","author":"Boulware","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"19","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1787","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001282","article-title":"A trial of lopinavir-ritonavir in adults hospitalized with severe covid-19","volume":"382","author":"Cao","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0110","series-title":"Identification of Potential Inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 Main Protease Via a Rapid In-silico Drug Repurposing Approach","author":"Cesar","year":"2020"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2012.10.002","article-title":"Is the discovery of the novel human betacoronavirus 2c EMC\/2012 (HCoV-EMC) the beginning of another SARS-like pandemic?","volume":"65","author":"Chan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2013.09.029","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antivirals for the emerging Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"67","author":"Chan","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Infect."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1904","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv392","article-title":"Treatment with lopinavir\/ritonavir or Interferon-\u03b21b improves outcome of MERS-CoV infection in a nonhuman primate model of common marmoset","volume":"212","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.00102-14","article-title":"Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus: another zoonotic betacoronavirus causing SARS-like disease","volume":"28","author":"Chan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Rev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"221","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1719902","article-title":"Genomic characterization of the 2019 novel human-pathogenic coronavirus isolated from a patient with atypical pneumonia after visiting Wuhan","volume":"9","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg. Microbes Infect."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1894","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiv325","article-title":"Protective effect of intranasal regimens containing peptidic middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus fusion inhibitor against MERS-CoV infection","volume":"212","author":"Channappanavar","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.22457.2","article-title":"Prediction of the SARS-CoV-2 (2019-nCoV) 3C-like protease (3CLpro) structure: virtual screening reveals velpatasvir, ledipasvir, and other drug repurposing candidates","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"F1000 Research"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1007\/s12519-020-00345-5","article-title":"Diagnosis and treatment recommendations for pediatric respiratory infection caused by the 2019 novel coronavirus","volume":"16","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104786","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2020.104786","article-title":"Remdesivir, lopinavir, emetine, and homoharringtonine inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication in vitro","volume":"178","author":"Choy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"252","DOI":"10.1136\/thorax.2003.012658","article-title":"Role of lopinavir\/ritonavir in the treatment of SARS: initial virological and clinical findings","volume":"59","author":"Chu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"issue":"9380","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13973-6","article-title":"Treatment of SARS with human interferons","volume":"362","author":"Cinatl","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMe2020388","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine for the prevention of Covid-19 \u2014 searching for evidence","volume":"383","author":"Cohen","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.2165\/11204950-000000000-00000","article-title":"Lopinavir\/Ritonavir: a review of its use in the management of HIV-1 infection","volume":"70","author":"Croxtall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-018-0118-9","article-title":"Origin and evolution of pathogenic coronaviruses","volume":"17","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"issue":"0","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2020.1763201","article-title":"An investigation into the identification of potential inhibitors of SARS-CoV-2 main protease using molecular docking study","volume":"0","author":"Das","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"210","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2009.09.023","article-title":"A new mouse-adapted strain of SARS-CoV as a lethal model for evaluating antiviral agents in vitro and in vivo","volume":"395","author":"Day","year":"2009","journal-title":"Virology"},{"issue":"Part 8","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1749","DOI":"10.1099\/vir.0.052910-0","article-title":"MERS-coronavirus replication induces severe in vitro cytopathology and is strongly inhibited by cyclosporin A or interferon-\u03b1 treatment","volume":"94","author":"de Wilde","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gen. Virol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4875","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.03011-14","article-title":"Creening of an FDA-approved compound library identifies four small-molecule inhibitors of middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus replication in cell culture","volume":"58","author":"de Wilde","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11886","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01528-14","article-title":"Coronaviruses resistant to a 3C-Like protease inhibitor are attenuated for replication and pathogenesis, revealing a low genetic barrier but high fitness cost of resistance","volume":"88","author":"Deng","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.4161\/rna.8.2.15013","article-title":"Coronaviruses","volume":"8","author":"Denison","year":"2011","journal-title":"RNA Biol."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105938","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105938","article-title":"New insights on the antiviral effects of chloroquine against coronavirus: what to expect for COVID-19?","volume":"55","author":"Devaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3443","DOI":"10.1021\/jm00047a001","article-title":"L-735,524: The Design of a Potent and Orally Bioavailable HIV Protease Inhibitor","volume":"37","author":"Dorsey","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100719","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100719","article-title":"FDA approved drugs with pharmacotherapeutic potential for SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) therapy","volume":"53","author":"Dro\u017cd\u017cal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Drug Resist. Updates"},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117592","article-title":"Ribavirin, remdesivir, Sofosbuvir, Galidesivir, and Tenofovir against SARS-CoV-2 RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp): a molecular docking study","volume":"253","author":"Elfiky","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4353","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03050-13","article-title":"Identification of a broad-spectrum antiviral small molecule against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and ebola, Hendra, and nipah viruses by using a novel high-throughput screening assay","volume":"88","author":"Elshabrawy","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"4968","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2200122","article-title":"Design, activity, and 2.8 A crystal structure of a C2 symmetric inhibitor complexed to HIV-1 protease","volume":"249","author":"Erickson","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0245","series-title":"First COVID-19 Treatment Recommended for EU Authorization","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0250","series-title":"Product Information As Approved by the CHMP on 25 June 2020, Pending Endorsement by the European Commission","author":"European Medicines Agency","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep01686","article-title":"Inhibition of novel \u03b2 coronavirus replication by a combination of interferon-\u03b12b and ribavirin","volume":"3","author":"Falzarano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0260","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1313","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.3362","article-title":"Treatment with interferon-\u03b12b and ribavirin improves outcome in MERS-CoV\u2013infected rhesus macaques","volume":"19","author":"Falzarano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E162","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718806115","article-title":"Structural and molecular basis of mismatch correction and ribavirin excision from coronavirus RNA","volume":"115","author":"Ferron","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/med.20216","article-title":"Potential of carbohydrate-binding agents as therapeutics against enveloped viruses","volume":"32","author":"Fran\u00e7ois","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.93.027","article-title":"Favipiravir (T-705), a broad spectrum inhibitor of viral RNA polymerase","volume":"93","author":"Furuta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B, Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"issue":"6492","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb7498","article-title":"Structure of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from COVID-19 virus","volume":"368","author":"Gao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0285","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101663","article-title":"Clinical and microbiological effect of a combination of hydroxychloroquine and azithromycin in 80 COVID-19 patients with at least a six-day follow up: a pilot observational study","volume":"34","author":"Gautret","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0290","unstructured":"GISAID, 2020. Available at: https:\/\/www.gisaid.org\/."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0295","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2015301","article-title":"Remdesivir for 5 or 10 Days in Patients with Severe Covid-19","author":"Goldman","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"52","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0300","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22505","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1007626107","article-title":"Structural basis for active site closure by the poliovirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerase","volume":"107","author":"Gong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0305","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4773","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.AC120.013056","article-title":"The antiviral compound remdesivir potently inhibits RNA-dependent RNA polymerase from Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"295","author":"Gordon","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0310","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1021\/acscombsci.0c00058","article-title":"Targeting the dimerization of main protease of coronaviruses: a potential broad-spectrum therapeutic strategy","volume":"22","author":"Goyal","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Comb. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0315","first-page":"1","article-title":"Compassionate use of remdesivir for patients with severe Covid-19","author":"Grein","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0320","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.02.015","article-title":"Evaluating the 3C-like protease activity of SARS-Coronavirus: recommendations for standardized assays for drug discovery","volume":"133","author":"Grum-Tokars","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0325","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2007.01.022","article-title":"Pathogenetic mechanisms of severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"133","author":"Guo","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0330","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101646","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tmaid.2020.101646","article-title":"A search for medications to treat COVID-19 via in silico molecular docking models of the SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein and 3CL protease","author":"Hall","year":"2020","journal-title":"Travel Med. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0335","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1002\/path.1570","article-title":"Tissue distribution of ACE2 protein, the functional receptor for SARS coronavirus. A first step in understanding SARS pathogenesis","volume":"203","author":"Hamming","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0340","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.20225","article-title":"New flu antiviral candidate may thwart drug resistance","volume":"323","author":"Hampton","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"May","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0345","article-title":"Structure of replicating SARS-CoV-2 polymerase","author":"Hillen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0350","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7988","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409465102","article-title":"Human coronavirus NL63 employs the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus receptor for cellular entry","volume":"102","author":"Hofmann","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0355","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"929","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001191","article-title":"First case of 2019 novel coronavirus in the United States","volume":"382","author":"Holshue","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0360","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31257","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M502577200","article-title":"Mechanism of the maturation process of SARS-CoV 3CL protease","volume":"280","author":"Hsu","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"15","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0365","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4568","DOI":"10.1021\/bi036022q","article-title":"3C-like Proteinase from SARS Coronavirus Catalyzes Substrate Hydrolysis by a General Base Mechanism","volume":"43","author":"Huang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0370","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7202","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00854-15","article-title":"Human Coronavirus HKU1 Spike Protein Uses O -Acetylated Sialic Acid as an Attachment Receptor Determinant and Employs Hemagglutinin-Esterase Protein as a Receptor-Destroying Enzyme","volume":"89","author":"Huang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0375","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9041131","article-title":"Pharmacological Therapeutics Targeting RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase, Proteinase and Spike Protein: From Mechanistic Studies to Clinical Trials for COVID-19","volume":"9","author":"Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0380","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"903","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.0000146120.29648.36","article-title":"Structure-Based Discovery of a Novel Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Inhibitor","volume":"44","author":"Huentelman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0385","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.3109\/07853890.2011.572905","article-title":"Ritonavir-boosted protease inhibitors in HIV therapy","volume":"43","author":"Hull","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann. Med."},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0390","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2681","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809667116","article-title":"Human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 bind to 9-O-acetylated sialic acids via a conserved receptor-binding site in spike protein domain A","volume":"116","author":"Hulswit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"7047","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0395","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1038\/nature03712","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure","volume":"436","author":"Imai","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0400","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9294","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66440-9","article-title":"Sofosbuvir as a potential alternative to treat the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic","volume":"10","author":"J\u00e1come","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0405","first-page":"64","article-title":"Identification of antiviral drug candidates against SARS-CoV-2 from FDA-approved drugs","author":"Jeon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0410","series-title":"Lack of Evidence to Support Use of Darunavir-based Treatments for SARS-CoV-2","author":"Johnson & Johnson Services","year":"2020"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0415","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2007.03.003","article-title":"Plant lectins are potent inhibitors of coronaviruses by interfering with two targets in the viral replication cycle","volume":"75","author":"Keyaerts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0420","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2013.11.004","article-title":"Cell-based antiviral screening against coronaviruses: developing virus-specific and broad-spectrum inhibitors","volume":"101","author":"Kilianski","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0425","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"455","DOI":"10.3851\/IMP3002","article-title":"Combination therapy with lopinavir\/ritonavir, ribavirin and interferon-alpha for Middle East respiratory syndrome: a case report","volume":"21","author":"Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antivir. Ther. (Lond.)"},{"issue":"7807","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0430","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2180-5","article-title":"Structure of the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain bound to the ACE2 receptor","volume":"581","author":"Lan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0435","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1001005","article-title":"Quasispecies theory and the behavior of RNA viruses","volume":"6","author":"Lauring","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0440","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1038\/d41573-020-00016-0","article-title":"Therapeutic options for the 2019 novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","volume":"19","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."},{"issue":"6965","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0445","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02145","article-title":"Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus","volume":"426","author":"Li","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0450","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.25685","article-title":"Coronavirus infections and immune responses","volume":"92","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Virol."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0455","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.0c00272","article-title":"Research and development on therapeutic agents and vaccines for COVID-19 and related human coronavirus diseases","volume":"6","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0460","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43395","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43395","article-title":"GS-5734 and its parent nucleoside analog inhibit Filo-, Pneumo-, and Paramyxoviruses","volume":"7","author":"Lo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0465","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2020.01020","article-title":"Drug treatment options for the 2019-new coronavirus (2019-nCoV)","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0470","article-title":"Structure-based discovery of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus fusion inhibitor","volume":"5","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"issue":"10224","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0475","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30251-8","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"395","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0480","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"296","DOI":"10.3390\/v8100296","article-title":"Griffithsin: an antiviral lectin with outstanding therapeutic potential","volume":"8","author":"Lusvarghi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0485","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2020.03.006","article-title":"Ongoing clinical trials for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"41","author":"Lythgoe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0490","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1002\/wrna.1164","article-title":"RNA synthetic mechanisms employed by diverse families of RNA viruses","volume":"4","author":"Mcdonald","year":"2013","journal-title":"Wiley Interdiscip. Rev. RNA"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0495","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15214","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1407087111","article-title":"Host cell entry of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus after two-step, furin-mediated activation of the spike protein","volume":"111","author":"Mille","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0500","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202000047","article-title":"Learning from the past: possible urgent prevention and treatment options for severe acute respiratory infections caused by 2019\u2010nCoV","volume":"21","author":"Morse","year":"2020","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0505","first-page":"95","article-title":"Astex, Structural Genomix, and Syrrx. I can see clearly now: structural biology and drug discovery","volume":"10","author":"Mountain","year":"2003","journal-title":"Chem. Biol."},{"issue":"46","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0510","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12997","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1601327113","article-title":"SARS-CoV 3CL protease cleaves its C-terminal autoprocessing site by novel subsite cooperativity","volume":"113","author":"Muramatsu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0515","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9050320","article-title":"Feasibility of known RNA polymerase inhibitors as Anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs","volume":"9","author":"Neogi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0520","series-title":"COVID-19 Treatment Guidelines Panel. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Treatment Guidelines","author":"NIH","year":"2020"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0525","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2511","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02322-09","article-title":"Broad-spectrum in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy of the antiviral protein griffithsin against emerging viruses of the family coronaviridae","volume":"84","author":"O\u2019Keefe","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0530","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2014.02.014","article-title":"Successful treatment of advanced Ebola virus infection with T-705 (favipiravir) in a small animal model","volume":"105","author":"Oestereich","year":"2014","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0535","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2343","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25102343","article-title":"Comparative antiviral activity of remdesivir and Anti-HIV nucleoside analogs against human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E)","volume":"25","author":"Parang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0540","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1177\/1098612X17729626","article-title":"Efficacy of a 3C-like protease inhibitor in treating various forms of acquired feline infectious peritonitis","volume":"20","author":"Pedersen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Feline Med. Surg."},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0545","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2019.108398","article-title":"Characterization of amino acid substitutions in feline coronavirus 3C-like protease from a cat with feline infectious peritonitis treated with a protease inhibitor","volume":"237","author":"Perera","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0550","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002331","article-title":"The SARS-Coronavirus-host interactome: identification of cyclophilins as target for pan-Coronavirus inhibitors","volume":"7","author":"Pfefferle","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0555","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"653","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-018-0656-y","article-title":"Current and future use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in infectious, immune, neoplastic, and neurological diseases: a mini-review","volume":"38","author":"Plantone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"issue":"January","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0560","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2019.04.002","article-title":"Nucleoside analogues for the treatment of coronavirus infections","volume":"35","author":"Pruijssers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Virol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0565","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2020.03.044","article-title":"Single cell RNA sequencing of 13 human tissues identify cell types and receptors of human coronaviruses","volume":"526","author":"Qi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0570","series-title":"Virtual Screening of Approved Clinic Drugs With Main Protease (3CL\u2019, Preprints, (March)","author":"Qiang Wang","year":"2020"},{"issue":"7440","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0575","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1038\/nature12005","article-title":"Dipeptidyl peptidase 4 is a functional receptor for the emerging human coronavirus-EMC","volume":"495","author":"Raj","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4953","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0580","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"358","DOI":"10.1126\/science.2183354","article-title":"Rational design of peptide-based HIV proteinase inhibitors","volume":"248","author":"Roberts","year":"1990","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0585","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1267","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9051267","article-title":"A structural view of SARS-CoV-2 RNA replication machinery: RNA synthesis, proofreading and final capping","volume":"9","author":"Romano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cells"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0590","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7415","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00080-16","article-title":"Homology-based identification of a mutation in the coronavirus RNA-Dependent RNA polymerase that confers resistance to multiple mutagens","volume":"90","author":"Sexton","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0595","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.09.088","article-title":"A novel auto-cleavage assay for studying mutational effects on the active site of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 3C-like protease","volume":"324","author":"Shan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"issue":"March","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0600","article-title":"Remdesivir and SARS-CoV-2: structural requirements at both nsp12 RdRp and nsp14 Exonuclease active-sites","volume":"178","author":"Shannon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antiviral Res."},{"issue":"396","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0605","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aal3653","article-title":"Broad-spectrum antiviral GS-5734 inhibits both epidemic and zoonotic coronaviruses","volume":"9","author":"Sheahan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"541","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0610","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.abb5883","article-title":"An orally bioavailable broad-spectrum antiviral inhibits SARS-CoV-2 in human airway epithelial cell cultures and multiple coronaviruses in mice","volume":"12","author":"Sheahan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0615","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1035","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2006.05130.x","article-title":"The catalysis of the SARS 3C-like protease is under extensive regulation by its extra domain","volume":"273","author":"Shi","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0620","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12552","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01890-13","article-title":"Middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus infection mediated by the transmembrane serine protease TMPRSS2","volume":"87","author":"Shirato","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Virol."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0625","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003565","article-title":"Coronaviruses lacking exoribonuclease activity are susceptible to lethal mutagenesis: evidence for proofreading and potential therapeutics","volume":"9","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"issue":"9369","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0630","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1615","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(03)13265-5","article-title":"Development of a standard treatment protocol for severe acute respiratory syndrome","volume":"361","author":"So","year":"2003","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0635","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/v11010059","article-title":"From SARS to MERS, thrusting coronaviruses into the spotlight","volume":"11","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0640","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000000003","article-title":"Antiviral Activity, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety of the HIV-1 Protease Inhibitor TMC310911, Coadministered With Ritonavir, in Treatment-Naive HIV-1\u2013Infected Patients","volume":"65","author":"Stellbrink","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes"},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0645","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E3900","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1323705111","article-title":"One severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus protein complex integrates processive RNA polymerase and exonuclease activities","volume":"111","author":"Subissi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0650","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1250","DOI":"10.3390\/v5051250","article-title":"Suppression of coronavirus replication by cyclophilin inhibitors","volume":"5","author":"Tanaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"10240","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0655","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e102","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31290-3","article-title":"Expression of concern: hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine with or without a macrolide for treatment of COVID-19: a multinational registry analysis","volume":"395","author":"The Lancet Editors","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0660","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1080\/17460441.2019.1581171","article-title":"Broad-spectrum coronavirus antiviral drug discovery","volume":"14","author":"Totura","year":"2019","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Drug Discov."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0665","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-422X-2-69","article-title":"Chloroquine is a potent inhibitor of SARS coronavirus infection and spread","volume":"2","author":"Vincent","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virol. J."},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0670","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4526","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.85.12.4526","article-title":"Human and bovine coronaviruses recognize sialic acid-containing receptors similar to those of influenza C viruses","volume":"85","author":"Vlasak","year":"1988","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A."},{"issue":"December 2015","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0675","first-page":"1","article-title":"Structure of main protease from human coronavirus NL63: insights for wide Spectrum anti-Coronavirus drug design","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0680","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0282-0","article-title":"Remdesivir and chloroquine effectively inhibit the recently emerged novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in vitro","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0685","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-020-0169-8","article-title":"The anti-influenza virus drug, arbidol is an efficient inhibitor of SARS-CoV-2 in vitro","volume":"6","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Discov."},{"issue":"10236","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0690","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1569","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31022-9","article-title":"Remdesivir in adults with severe COVID-19: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicentre trial","volume":"395","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0695","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"769","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa272","article-title":"Clinical features of 69 cases with coronavirus disease 2019 in Wuhan, China","volume":"71","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"7594","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0700","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1038\/nature17180","article-title":"Therapeutic efficacy of the small molecule GS-5734 against Ebola virus in rhesus monkeys","volume":"531","author":"Warren","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0705","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbagen.2019.05.012","article-title":"Exploitation of glycosylation in enveloped virus pathobiology","volume":"1863","author":"Watanabe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochimica et Biophysica Acta - General Subjects"},{"issue":"May","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0710","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb9983","article-title":"Site-specific glycan analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 spike","volume":"369","author":"Watanabe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0715","series-title":"Targeted Update: Safety and Efficacy of Hydroxychloroquine or Chloroquine for Treatment of COVID-19. Updated 17 June 2020","author":"WHO. COVID-NMA project. Cochrane","year":"2020"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0720","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10012","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0403596101","article-title":"Small molecules targeting severe acute respiratory syndrome human coronavirus","volume":"101","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"issue":"7798","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0725","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2008-3","article-title":"A new coronavirus associated with human respiratory disease in China","volume":"579","author":"Wu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0730","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1038\/s41422-020-0305-x","article-title":"Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 (previously 2019-nCoV) infection by a highly potent pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting its spike protein that harbors a high capacity to mediate membrane fusion","volume":"30","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0735","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav4580","article-title":"A pan-coronavirus fusion inhibitor targeting the HR1 domain of human coronavirus spike","volume":"5","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Adv."},{"issue":"February","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0740","first-page":"3","article-title":"Fusion mechanism of 2019-nCoV and fusion inhibitors targeting HR1 domain in spike protein","author":"Xia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Immunol."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0745","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.251.27","article-title":"Protease inhibitors: candidate drugs to inhibit severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 replication","volume":"251","author":"Yamaya","year":"2020","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0750","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2015.02.025","article-title":"The structure and functions of coronavirus genomic 3\u2032 and 5\u2032 ends\u2019","volume":"206","author":"Yang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virus Res."},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0755","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4573","DOI":"10.2174\/138161206779010369","article-title":"Drug design targeting the main protease, the achilles heel of coronaviruses","volume":"12","author":"Yang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0760","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa237","article-title":"In vitro antiviral activity and projection of optimized dosing design of hydroxychloroquine for the treatment of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)","volume":"71","author":"Yao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"issue":"6377","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0765","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"420","DOI":"10.1038\/357420a0","article-title":"Human aminopeptidase N is a receptor for human coronavirus 229E","volume":"357","author":"Yeager","year":"1992","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"6489","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0770","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb3405","article-title":"Crystal structure of SARS-CoV-2 main protease provides a basis for design of improved a-ketoamide inhibitors","volume":"368","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0775","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4562","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.9b01828","article-title":"\u03b1-Ketoamides as Broad-Spectrum Inhibitors of Coronavirus and Enterovirus Replication: Structure-Based Design, Synthesis, and Activity Assessment","volume":"63","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0780","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9218","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M116.716100","article-title":"Glycopeptide antibiotics potently inhibit cathepsin l in the late Endosome\/Lysosome and block the entry of ebola virus, middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)","volume":"291","author":"Zhou","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0785","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"727","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2001017","article-title":"A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China 2019","volume":"382","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721_bib0790","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1038\/nrd.2015.37","article-title":"Coronaviruses-drug discovery and therapeutic options","volume":"15","author":"Zumla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Drug Discov."}],"container-title":["Drug Resistance Updates"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1368764620300509?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1368764620300509?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,24]],"date-time":"2025-10-24T04:57:19Z","timestamp":1761281839000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1368764620300509"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"references-count":158,"alternative-id":["S1368764620300509"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721","relation":{},"ISSN":["1368-7646"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1368-7646","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Current status of antivirals and druggable targets of SARS CoV-2 and other human pathogenic coronaviruses","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Drug Resistance Updates","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.drup.2020.100721","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"100721"}}