{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T00:21:44Z","timestamp":1779236504005,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":102,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,1]],"date-time":"2020-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1598918400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research &amp; Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,20]],"date-time":"2020-07-20T21:39:15Z","timestamp":1595281155000},"page":"1361-1376","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":37,"title":["Vaccine development against coronavirus (2003 to present): An overview, recent advances, current scenario, opportunities and challenges"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Kirtikumar C.","family":"Badgujar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vivek C.","family":"Badgujar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2902-7680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shamkant B.","family":"Badgujar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.04.020","article-title":"Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): an overview of viral structure and host response","volume":"14","author":"Astuti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib2","series-title":"COVID-19: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and potential possible drugs based on available case studies, Revision submitted manuscript, Coronaviruses, Journal","author":"Badgujar","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.22270\/jddt.v10i3.4110","article-title":"Hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19: a review and a debate based on available clinical trials\/case studies","volume":"10","author":"Badgujar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J\u00a0Drug Deliv Theraupet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib4","series-title":"Coronavirus- an overview, medical microbiology","author":"Peiris","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.03.002","article-title":"Clinical considerations for patients with diabetes in times of COVID-19 epidemic","volume":"14","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.aivir.2018.01.001","article-title":"Hosts and sources of endemic human coronaviruses","volume":"100","author":"Corman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Adv Virus Res"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib7","article-title":"Challenges and solutions in meeting up the urgent requirement of ventilators for COVID-19 patients [published online ahead of print, 2020 May 5]","volume":"14","author":"Iyengar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab Syndr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li H, Liu S, Yu X, Tang S, Tanga C. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspectives. Int J Antimicrob Agents. Accepted manuscript 2020 doi: 10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2020.105951"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib9","unstructured":"Lu R, Zhao X, Li J, Niu P, Yang B, Wu H et\u00a0al. Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding. Lancet 6736;2020: 1-10."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanche S, Lin YT, Xu C, Severson ER, et\u00a0al. The novel coronavirus, 2019-nCoV is highly contagious and more infectious than initially estimated. Medrxiv. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/2020.02.07.20021154.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.02.07.20021154"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1337","DOI":"10.1517\/13543776.2013.823159","article-title":"Anti-SARS coronavirus agents: a patent review (2008 \u2013 present)","volume":"23","author":"Kumar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Pat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1080\/13543776.2017.1281248","article-title":"Progress of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus vaccines: a patent review","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin Ther Pat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/biot.201970055","article-title":"Emerging technologies for low-cost, rapid vaccine manufacture","volume":"14","author":"Kis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biotechnol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2020.1735227","article-title":"COVID-19, an emerging coronavirus infection: advances and prospects in designing and developing vaccines, immunotherapeutics, and therapeutics","author":"Dhama","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib16","article-title":"Recent progress and challenges in drug development against COVID-19 coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) - an update on the status","volume":"83","author":"Stockand","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Genet Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Next generation vaccines for the infectious diseases","volume":"201","author":"Sautto","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib20","article-title":"Long-term persistence of IgG antibodies in SARS-CoV infected healthcare workers","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nedrixiv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib21","author":"Minor"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib22","first-page":"1","article-title":"Advances in the development of inactivated virus vaccines","volume":"3","author":"Stauffer","year":"2006","journal-title":"Recent Pat Anti-Infect Drug Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.3390\/vaccines4020012","article-title":"Recent advances in subunit vaccine carriers","volume":"19","author":"Vartak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccines (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1038\/bjp.2008.349","article-title":"Viral vectors: from virology to transgene expression","volume":"157","author":"Bouard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Br J Pharmacol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2010.00980.x","article-title":"DNA vaccines: an historical perspective and view to the future","volume":"239","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(04)16501-X","article-title":"Mucosal immunisation of African green monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops) with an attenuated parainfluenza virus expressing the SARS coronavirus spike protein for the prevention of","volume":"363","author":"Bukreyev","year":"2004","journal-title":"SARS Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2005.06.016","article-title":"Long-term protection from SARS coronavirus infection conferred by a single immunization with an attenuated VSV-based vaccine","volume":"340","author":"Kapadia","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2010.01.004","article-title":"Immunization with an attenuated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus deleted in E protein protects against lethal respiratory disease","volume":"399","author":"Netland","year":"2010","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.2972","article-title":"A\u00a0live, impaired-fidelity coronavirus vaccine protects in an aged, immunocompromised mouse model of lethal disease","volume":"18","author":"Graham","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2014.01.002","article-title":"Protection from SARS coronavirus conferred by live measles vaccine expressing the spike glycoprotein","volume":"452\u2013453","author":"Escriou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib31","first-page":"11","article-title":"Identification of the mechanisms causing reversion to virulence in an attenuated SARS-CoV for the design of a genetically stable vaccine","author":"Jimenez-Guarde\u00f1o","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.00710-18","article-title":"Combination attenuation offers strategy for live attenuated coronavirus vaccines","volume":"92","author":"Menachery","year":"2018","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3870","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.03566-14","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses with mutations in the E protein are attenuated and promising vaccine candidates","volume":"89","author":"Regla-Nava","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01467-06","article-title":"A\u00a0severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus that lacks the E gene is attenuated in\u00a0vitro and in\u00a0vivo","volume":"81","author":"DeDiego","year":"2007","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib35","first-page":"2621","article-title":"Preparation, characterization and preliminary in\u00a0vivo studies of inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine Chinese Science","volume":"48","author":"Tang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Bulletin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib36","first-page":"391","article-title":"Inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine prepared from whole virus induces a high level of neutralizing antibodies in BALB\/c mice DNA","volume":"23","author":"Tang","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.06.014","article-title":"Immunogenicity of SARS inactivated vaccine in BALB\/c mice","volume":"95","author":"Xiong","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1093\/intimm\/dxh143","article-title":"A\u00a0subcutaneously injected UV-inactivated SARS coronavirus vaccine elicits systemic humoral immunity in mice","volume":"16","author":"Takasuka","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.10.052","article-title":"Inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine elicits high titers of spike protein-specific antibodies that block receptor binding and virus entry","volume":"325","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib40","first-page":"302","article-title":"Immunogenicity and safety of an inactivated SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in rhesus monkeys","volume":"25","author":"Zhong","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin J Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.11.075","article-title":"Immunogenicity, safety, and protective efficacy of an inactivated SARS-associated coronavirus vaccine in rhesus monkeys","volume":"23","author":"Zhou","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3196","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.11.073","article-title":"Immune responses in Balb\/c mice induced by a candidate SARS-CoV inactivated vaccine prepared from F69 strain","volume":"23","author":"Zhang","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"652","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.08.055","article-title":"A\u00a0double-inactivated whole virus candidate SARS coronavirus vaccine stimulates neutralising and protective antibody responses","volume":"24","author":"Spruth","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib44","first-page":"1028","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in monkeys of purified inactivated Vero-cell","volume":"24","author":"Qin","year":"2006","journal-title":"SARS Vaccine Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib45","first-page":"106","article-title":"Formalin-treated UV-inactivated SARS coronavirus vaccine retains its immunogenicity and promotes Th2-type immune responses Japanese","volume":"60","author":"Tsunetsugu-Yokota","year":"2007","journal-title":"JID (J Infect Dis)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-59745-181-9_11","article-title":"Large-scale preparation of UV-inactivated SARS coronavirus virions for vaccine antigen","volume":"454","author":"Tsunetsugu-Yokota","year":"2008","journal-title":"Methods Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2007.0079","article-title":"Effects of different immunization protocols and adjuvant on antibody responses to inactivated SARS-CoV vaccine","volume":"21","author":"Gai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib48","first-page":"509","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protective efficacy in mice and hamsters of a \u03b2-propiolactone inactivated whole virus","volume":"23","author":"Roberts","year":"2010","journal-title":"SARS-CoV Vaccine Viral Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2016.1177688","article-title":"Immunization with inactivated Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus vaccine leads to lung immunopathology on challenge with live virus","volume":"12","author":"Agrawal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2004.09.106","article-title":"Receptor-binding domain of SARS-CoV spike protein induces highly potent neutralizing antibodies: implication for developing subunit vaccine","volume":"324","author":"He","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2005.24.510","article-title":"Elicitation of immunity in mice after immunization with the S2 subunit of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus","volume":"24","author":"Guo","year":"2005","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1132","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2005.09.011","article-title":"Influence of intron and exon splicing enhancers on mammalian cell expression of a truncated spike protein of SARS-CoV and its implication for subunit vaccine development","volume":"24","author":"Chang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib53","first-page":"113","article-title":"Expression of predicted B cell epitope peptide in S2 subunit of SARS coronavirus spike protein in E.coli and identification of its mimic antigenicity","volume":"23","author":"Feng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin J Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.06.084","article-title":"Immunogenicity of a receptor-binding domain of SARS coronavirus spike protein in mice: implications for a subunit vaccine","volume":"25","author":"Zakhartchouk","year":"2007","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1089\/vim.2012.0076","article-title":"Immunogenicity and protection efficacy of monomeric and trimeric recombinant SARS coronavirus spike protein subunit vaccine candidates","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Viral Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1244","DOI":"10.1080\/21645515.2015.1021527","article-title":"Optimization of antigen dose for a receptor binding domain-based subunit vaccine against MERS coronavirus","volume":"11","author":"Tang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Hum Vaccines Immunother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms13473","article-title":"Introduction of neutralizing immunogenicity index to the rational design of MERS coronavirus subunit vaccines","volume":"7","author":"Du","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib58","article-title":"Microneedle array delivered recombinant coronavirus vaccines: immunogenicity and rapid translational development","volume":"102743","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2020.104236","article-title":"Design of a peptide-based subunit vaccine against novel coronavirus SARS-CoV-2","volume":"145","author":"Kalita","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2005.02.009","article-title":"Adenoviral expression of a truncated S1 subunit of SARS-CoV spike protein results in specific humoral immune responses against SARS-CoV in rats","volume":"112","author":"Liu","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1554","DOI":"10.14202\/vetworld.2019.1554-1562","article-title":"Recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the spike 1 subunit of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus elicits strong humoral and cellular immune responses in mice","volume":"12","author":"Ababneh","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vet World"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib62","series-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of a candidate Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus viral-vectored vaccine: a dose-escalation, open-label, non-randomised, uncontrolled, phase 1 trial","author":"Folegatti","year":"2020"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2004.10.016","article-title":"Immune responses against SARS-coronavirus nucleocapsid protein induced by DNA vaccine","volume":"331","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib64","first-page":"297","article-title":"Immunogenicity of DNA vaccine that express spike gene fragment of SARS coronavirus","volume":"25","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Chin J Microbiol Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2005.24.516","article-title":"Construction of a eukaryotic expression plasmid encoding partial S gene fragments of the SARS-CoV and its potential utility as a DNA vaccine","volume":"24","author":"He","year":"2005","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib66","first-page":"4385","article-title":"Augmentation of immune responses to SARS coronavirus by a combination of DNA and whole killed virus","volume":"3","author":"Zakhartchouk","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccines Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.03.058","article-title":"Immunization with Sars-CoV DNA vaccine generates memory CD4+ and CD8+ T cell immune responses","volume":"24","author":"Huang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib68","first-page":"426","article-title":"Immune response induced by DNA vaccine encoding SARS-CoV S1 and S2 proteins in mice","volume":"20","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chin J Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2007.01.012","article-title":"Heterologous viral RNA export elements improve expression of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus spike protein and protective efficacy of DNA vaccines against SARS","volume":"363","author":"Callendret","year":"2007","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"721","DOI":"10.1089\/dna.2007.0616","article-title":"Optimization of a DNA vaccine against SARS","volume":"26","author":"Zakhartchouk","year":"2007","journal-title":"DNA Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib71","first-page":"65","article-title":"Search for potential target site of nucleocapsid gene for the design of an epitope-based","volume":"118","author":"Dutta","year":"2008","journal-title":"SARS DNA Vaccine Immunol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2008.04.005","article-title":"A\u00a0chimeric multi-epitope DNA vaccine elicited specific antibody response against severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus which attenuated the virulence of SARS-CoV in\u00a0vitro","volume":"119","author":"Wang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Immunol Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6338","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2008.09.026","article-title":"A\u00a0SARS DNA vaccine induces neutralizing antibody and cellular immune responses in healthy adults in a Phase I clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Martin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00261-08","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immune responses induced by 3a DNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) or SARS-like coronavirus in mice","volume":"16","author":"Lu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.aac7462","article-title":"A\u00a0synthetic consensus anti-spike protein DNA vaccine induces protective immunity against Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in nonhuman primates","volume":"7","author":"Muthumani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2017.02.063","article-title":"DNA vaccine encoding Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus S1 protein induces protective immune responses in mice","volume":"35","author":"Chi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"65","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib77","first-page":"1","article-title":"Intranasal immunization with plasmid DNA encoding spike protein of SARS-coronavirus\/polyethylenimine nanoparticles elicits antigenspecific humoral and cellular immune responses","volume":"11","author":"Shim","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMC Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib78","first-page":"946","article-title":"Dendritic cell targeted chitosan nanoparticles for nasal DNA immunization against SARS CoV nucleocapsid protein","volume":"9","author":"Raghuwanshi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmaceutics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2019.10.007","article-title":"Preparation of virus-like particle mimetic nanovesicles displaying the S protein of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus using insect cells","volume":"306","author":"Kato","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biotechnol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-110615-042301","article-title":"Structure, function, and evolution of coronavirus spike proteins","volume":"29","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Annu Rev Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib81","first-page":"1","article-title":"Genomic characterisation and epidemiology of 2019 novel coronavirus: implications for virus origins and receptor binding","volume":"6736","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.3390\/diseases4030026","article-title":"Human coronaviruses: a review of virus\u2013host interactions","volume":"4","author":"Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diseases"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ni L, Ye F, Chen M-L, Feng Y, Deng Y-Q, Zhao H, Wei P, Ge J, Li X, Sun L, Wang P, Liang P, Guo H, Wang X, Qin C-F, Chen F, Dong C. Characterization of anti-viral immunity in recovered individuals infected by SARS-CoV-2. medRxiv 2020.","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.03.17.20036640"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5001","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.05.073","article-title":"Boosted expression of the SARS-CoV nucleocapsid protein in tobacco and its immunogenicity in mice","volume":"27","author":"Zheng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2020","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1996.tb00553.x","article-title":"Nucleocapsid-independent assembly of coronavirus-like particles by co-expression of viral envelope protein genes","volume":"15","author":"Vennema Gj","year":"1996","journal-title":"EMBO J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.74.9.4319-4326.2000","article-title":"Infectious bronchitis virus E protein is targeted to the golgi complex and directs release of virus-like particles","volume":"74","author":"Corse","year":"2000","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virusres.2014.07.024","article-title":"Coronavirus virulence genes with main focus on SARS-CoV envelope gene","volume":"194","author":"DeDiego","year":"2014","journal-title":"Virus Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41585-020-0325-9","article-title":"Could BCG be used to protect against COVID-19?","author":"Redelman-Sidi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Rev Urol"},{"issue":"5\u20136","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2005.03.008","article-title":"The use of animal models to guide rational vaccine design","volume":"7","author":"Orme","year":"2005","journal-title":"Microb Infect"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-409X(02)00072-8","article-title":"A\u00a0strategic approach to vaccine development: animal models, monitoring vaccine efficacy, formulation and delivery","volume":"54","author":"Griffin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Adv Drug Deliv Rev"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.2217\/17460913.2.6.667","article-title":"Use of animal models in the development of human vaccines","volume":"2","author":"Gerdts","year":"2007","journal-title":"Future Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.1074043","article-title":"Rodents as pre-clinical models for predicting vaccine performance in humans","volume":"14","author":"Riese","year":"2015","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib110","volume":"vol. 1","author":"Barr\u00e9-Sinoussi","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1509","DOI":"10.1586\/14760584.2015.1081067","article-title":"Effect of vaccine administration modality on immunogenicity and efficacy expert","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Vaccines Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib112","first-page":"830","article-title":"Alternative methods of vaccine delivery: an overview of edible and intradermal vaccines","volume":"2019","author":"Criscuolo","year":"2019","journal-title":"J\u00a0Immunol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1758","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2009.01.021","article-title":"Comparative analysis of the immunogenicity of SARS-CoV nucleocapsid DNA vaccine administrated with different routes in mouse model","volume":"27","author":"Hu","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2016.05.006","article-title":"Airway memory CD4? T cells mediate protective immunity against emerging respiratory coronaviruses","volume":"44","author":"Zhao","year":"2016","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4162","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00290-15","article-title":"Direct administration in the respiratory tract improves efficacy of broadly neutralizing anti-influenza virus monoclonal antibodies","volume":"59","author":"Leyva-Grado","year":"2015","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115423","article-title":"Chitosan, hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan and sulfated chitosan nanoparticles as adjuvants for inactivated Newcastle disease vaccine","volume":"229","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.carbpol.2019.115128","article-title":"Polyethylenimine-coated PLGA nanoparticles-encapsulated Angelica sinensis polysaccharide as an adjuvant to enhance immune responses","volume":"223","author":"Gu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Carbohydr Polym"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.07.040","article-title":"Polysaccharides as vaccine adjuvants","volume":"36","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2995","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.02980-14","article-title":"Severe acute respiratory syndrome-associated coronavirus vaccines formulated with delta inulin adjuvants provide enhanced protection while ameliorating lung eosinophilic immunopathology","volume":"89","author":"Honda-Okubo","year":"2015","journal-title":"J\u00a0Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1002\/smll.201301597","article-title":"Use of coated silver nanoparticles to understand the relationship of particle dissolution and bioavailability to cell and lung toxicological potential","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Small"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.71.110601.135414","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide endotoxins","volume":"71","author":"Raetz","year":"2002","journal-title":"Annu Rev Biochem"},{"issue":"Pt B","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022_bib123","first-page":"1456","article-title":"Simplified approach for in-vitro production and purification of cell derived Cancer Antigen 15-3","volume":"107","author":"Badgujar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Biol Macromol"}],"container-title":["Diabetes &amp; Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research &amp; Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1871402120302708?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1871402120302708?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T09:14:47Z","timestamp":1761729287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1871402120302708"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"references-count":102,"journal-issue":{"issue":"5","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]}},"alternative-id":["S1871402120302708"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1871-4021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1871-4021","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Vaccine development against coronavirus (2003 to present): An overview, recent advances, current scenario, opportunities and challenges","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2020.07.022","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2020 Diabetes India. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}