{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,31]],"date-time":"2026-10-31T14:35:17Z","timestamp":1793457317260,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,25]],"date-time":"2025-06-25T19:17:48Z","timestamp":1750879068000},"page":"103256","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Current approach to early gestational diabetes mellitus: A clinical update"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0922-5022","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alpesh","family":"Goyal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yashdeep","family":"Gupta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10448","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00825-0","article-title":"Epidemiology and management of gestational diabetes","volume":"404","author":"Sweeting","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2021.109050","article-title":"IDF diabetes Atlas: estimation of global and regional gestational diabetes mellitus prevalence for 2021 by international association of diabetes in pregnancy study group's criteria","volume":"183","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"763","DOI":"10.1210\/endrev\/bnac003","article-title":"A clinical update on gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"43","author":"Sweeting","year":"2022","journal-title":"Endocr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.2337\/dc10-0719","article-title":"International association of diabetes and pregnancy study groups recommendations on the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"33","author":"Metzger","year":"2010","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0707943","article-title":"Hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"358","author":"Metzger","year":"2008","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib6","first-page":"S20","article-title":"2. Diagnosis and classification of diabetes: standards of care in Diabetes-2024","volume":"47","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dme.14993","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy amongst Asian Indian women: evidence for poor pregnancy outcomes despite treatment","volume":"40","author":"Punnose","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabet Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111710","article-title":"Postpartum diabetes and cardiometabolic outcomes among Indian (South Asian) women with early gestational diabetes mellitus: insights from the CHIP-F study","volume":"212","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2132","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2214956","article-title":"TOBOGM research group. Treatment of gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed early in pregnancy","volume":"388","author":"Simmons","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2013.10.012","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria and classification of hyperglycaemia first detected in pregnancy: a world health organization guideline","volume":"103","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(20)30024-3","article-title":"Glycaemic status during pregnancy and longitudinal measures of fetal growth in a multi racial US population: a prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0160","article-title":"Accelerated fetal growth prior to diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study of nulliparous women","volume":"39","author":"Sovio","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-4166-2","article-title":"Increased fetal adiposity prior to diagnosis of gestational diabetes in South Asians: more evidence for the \u201cthin-fat\u201d baby","volume":"60","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-021-01800-z","article-title":"Global burden of early pregnancy gestational diabetes mellitus (eGDM): a systematic review","volume":"59","author":"Hannah","year":"2022","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(24)00151-7","article-title":"Early pregnancy HbA1c as the first screening test for gestational diabetes: results from three prospective cohorts","volume":"12","author":"Saravanan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1007\/s00592-018-1131-1","article-title":"Screening and diagnosis of gestational diabetes in India: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"55","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Acta Diabetol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2137","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-2226","article-title":"Distinct insulin physiology trajectories in euglycemic pregnancy and gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"46","author":"Thaweethai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001751","article-title":"HbA1c during early pregnancy reflects beta-cell dysfunction in women developing GDM","volume":"8","author":"Bozkurt","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e90","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-0200","article-title":"IADPSG and WHO 2013 gestational diabetes mellitus criteria identify Obese women with marked insulin resistance in early pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"Harreiter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e49","DOI":"10.1097\/AOG.0000000000002501","article-title":"Practice bulletin no. 190: gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"131","year":"2018","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib21","article-title":"Diabetes in pregnancy: management of diabetes and its complications from pre-conception to the postnatal period","year":"2015","journal-title":"NICE Clinical Guideline NG3"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib22","article-title":"ADIPS consensus guidelines for the testing and diagnosis of hyperglycaemia in pregnancy in Australia and New Zealand","author":"Nankervis","year":"2014","journal-title":"Modified"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S173","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(15)30007-2","article-title":"The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on gestational diabetes mellitus: a pragmatic guide for diagnosis, management, and care","volume":"131","author":"Hod","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib24","first-page":"622","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus\u2014 guidelines","volume":"54","author":"Seshiah","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Assoc Phys India"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-1887","article-title":"Issues with the diagnosis and classification of hyperglycemia in early pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"McIntyre","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2953","DOI":"10.2337\/dc14-1312","article-title":"An early pregnancy HbA1c \u22655.9% (41 mmol\/mol) is optimal for detecting diabetes and identifies women at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"37","author":"Hughes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib27","first-page":"150","article-title":"Baseline HbA1c to identify high-risk gestational diabetes: utility in early vs standard gestational diabetes","volume":"102","author":"Sweeting","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108378","article-title":"Performance of early pregnancy HbA1c for predicting gestational diabetes mellitus and adverse pregnancy outcomes in obese European women","volume":"168","author":"Immanuel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2019.107953","article-title":"Glycated haemoglobin in the first trimester: a predictor of gestational diabetes mellitus in pregnant Asian Indian women","volume":"159","author":"Punnose","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2022.108187","article-title":"Is HbA1c in the first trimester associated with adverse outcomes among pregnant Asian Indian women without gestational diabetes?","volume":"36","author":"Punnose","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Diabet Complicat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-2149","article-title":"Continuous glucose monitoring profiles in pregnancies with and without gestational diabetes mellitus","author":"Durnwald","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2023-003989","article-title":"Glucose levels measured with continuous glucose monitoring in uncomplicated pregnancies","volume":"12","author":"Carlson","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2020.108409","article-title":"Glycemic profile of women with normoglycemia and gestational diabetes mellitus during early pregnancy using continuous glucose monitoring system","volume":"169","author":"Singh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1186\/s12884-023-05824-x","article-title":"MAGIC (maternal glucose in pregnancy) understanding the glycemic profile of pregnancy, intensive CGM glucose profiling and its relationship to fetal growth: an observational study protocol","volume":"23","author":"Scott","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMC Pregnancy Childbirth"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabet.2012.03.006","article-title":"Correspondence between first-trimester fasting glycaemia, and oral glucose tolerance test in gestational diabetes diagnosis","volume":"38","author":"Corrado","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes Metab"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.2337\/dc12-1157","article-title":"Evaluation of the value of fasting plasma glucose in the first prenatal visit to diagnose GDM in China","volume":"36","author":"Zhu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjdrc-2020-001234","article-title":"High probability of false-positive GDM diagnosis during early pregnancy","volume":"8","author":"Nakanishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-2215","article-title":"TOBOGM research group. Regression from early GDM to normal glucose tolerance and adverse pregnancy outcomes in the treatment of booking gestational diabetes mellitus study","volume":"47","author":"Simmons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3451","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9113451","article-title":"The oral glucose tolerance Test-Is it time for a Change?-A literature review with an emphasis on pregnancy","volume":"9","author":"Bogdanet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-021-05622-0","article-title":"Longitudinal changes in glucose during pregnancy in women with gestational diabetes risk factors","volume":"65","author":"Bochkur Dratver","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1140","DOI":"10.1016\/S0026-0495(98)90290-6","article-title":"Physiological reduction in fasting plasma glucose concentration in the first trimester of normal pregnancy: the diabetes in early pregnancy study","volume":"47","author":"Mills","year":"1998","journal-title":"Metabolism"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-016-3931-6","article-title":"The fetal glucose steal: an underappreciated phenomenon in diabetic pregnancy","volume":"59","author":"Desoye","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0036-1571317","article-title":"Impact of early screening for gestational diabetes on perinatal outcomes in high-risk women","volume":"33","author":"Hong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2018.03.048","article-title":"Should the IADPSG criteria be applied when diagnosing early-onset gestational diabetes?","volume":"140","author":"Hagiwara","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2019.12.021","article-title":"Early gestational diabetes screening in obese women: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"222","author":"Harper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2019.03.003","article-title":"Treating hyperglycemia in early pregnancy: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"1","author":"Roeder","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2017-018493","article-title":"Prediabetes in pregnancy, can early intervention improve outcomes? A feasibility study for a parallel randomised clinical trial","volume":"8","author":"Hughes","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib48","first-page":"172","article-title":"Early screening and treatment of women with prediabetes: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"33","author":"Osmundson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Perinatol"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2079","DOI":"10.2337\/dc18-0808","article-title":"Lifestyle intervention in Danish Obese pregnant women with early gestational diabetes mellitus according to WHO 2013 criteria does not change pregnancy outcomes: results from the LiP (lifestyle in pregnancy) study","volume":"41","author":"Vinter","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1639","DOI":"10.2337\/dc09-0688","article-title":"First-trimester fasting hyperglycemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes","volume":"32","author":"Riskin-Mashiah","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.2337\/dc15-0433","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus in early pregnancy: evidence for poor pregnancy outcomes despite treatment","volume":"39","author":"Sweeting","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib52","first-page":"390","article-title":"Role of first-trimester HbA1c as a predictor of adverse obstetric outcomes in a multiethnic cohort","volume":"102","author":"Ma\u00f1\u00e9","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1007\/s11892-017-0943-7","article-title":"Screening and treatment for early-onset gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"17","author":"Immanuel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr Diabetes Rep"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-2214","article-title":"Relationship between early-pregnancy glycemia and adverse outcomes: findings from the TOBOGM study","volume":"47","author":"Sweeting","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib55","article-title":"Treatment versus observation in early gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"17","author":"Bhattacharya","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.2337\/dc23-1667","article-title":"Perinatal outcomes in early and late gestational diabetes mellitus after treatment from 24-28 weeks' gestation: a TOBOGM secondary analysis","volume":"47","author":"Simmons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2024.102610","article-title":"TOBOGM consortium. Cost-effectiveness of diagnosis and treatment of early gestational diabetes mellitus: economic evaluation of the TOBOGM study, an international multicenter randomized controlled trial","volume":"71","author":"Haque","year":"2024","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib58","article-title":"Progression to type 2 diabetes in women with a known history of gestational diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"369","author":"Vounzoulaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16400","article-title":"Pregnancy and postpartum cardiometabolic outcomes among women with overt diabetes compared to women with normoglycaemia, gestational diabetes and pre-existing diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","author":"Pal","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Met"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2148","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-012-2549-6","article-title":"Impact of gestational diabetes on the risk of diabetes following pregnancy among Chinese and South Asian women","volume":"55","author":"Mukerji","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2001.112394","article-title":"Postpartum metabolism and autoantibody markers in women with gestational diabetes mellitus diagnosed in early pregnancy","volume":"184","author":"Bartha","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1067\/mob.2002.121895","article-title":"Clinical predictors for a high risk for the development of diabetes mellitus in the early puerperium in women with recent gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"186","author":"Schaefer-Graf","year":"2002","journal-title":"AJOG"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1211\/ijpp.16.3.0009","article-title":"Antenatal oral glucose-tolerance test values and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"16","author":"Elnour","year":"2008","journal-title":"Int J Pharm Pract"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.3109\/14767058.2014.991711","article-title":"Obstetrical outcomes in patients with early onset gestational diabetes","volume":"29","author":"Gupta","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib65","series-title":"Thai J obstet and gynaecol","first-page":"193","article-title":"Incidence of postpartum glucose intolerance among women with gestational diabetes in Siriraj Hospital","author":"Ittiamornlert","year":"2016"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3977","DOI":"10.1080\/14767058.2019.1593959","article-title":"Hyperglycemia recognised in early pregnancy is phenotypically type 2 diabetes mellitus not gestational diabetes mellitus: a case control study","volume":"33","author":"Agha-Jaffar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"538","DOI":"10.4103\/ijem.ijem_440_21","article-title":"Clinical characteristics, outcomes, and progression to type 2 diabetes in women with hyperglycemia in pregnancy","volume":"25","author":"Nabi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-89679-2","article-title":"A prospective cohort study of postpartum glucose metabolic disorders in early versus standard diagnosed gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"11","author":"Cosma","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajogmf.2022.100609","article-title":"Postpartum glucose intolerance following early gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"4","author":"Champion","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e996","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgab791","article-title":"Cardiometabolic and mental health in women with early gestational diabetes mellitus: a prospective cohort study","volume":"107","author":"Quansah","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2024.111929","article-title":"Postpartum dysglycaemia after early gestational diabetes: follow-Up of women in the TOBOGM randomised controlled trial","volume":"218","author":"Cheung","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdiacomp.2025.109038","article-title":"Postpartum diabetes mellitus among patients with early gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Weingarten","year":"2025","journal-title":"J Diabet Complicat"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.5694\/mja17.01129","article-title":"Hyperglycaemia in early pregnancy: the treatment of booking gestational diabetes mellitus (TOBOGM) study. A randomised controlled trial","volume":"209","author":"Simmons","year":"2018","journal-title":"Med J Aust"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"589","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-022-01210-6","article-title":"Overt diabetes in pregnancy","volume":"13","author":"Goyal","year":"2022","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3050","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12103050","article-title":"Diet and healthy lifestyle in the management of gestational diabetes mellitus","volume":"12","author":"Rasmussen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4227","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2013-2465","article-title":"Diabetes and pregnancy: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline","volume":"98","author":"Blumer","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020385","article-title":"The role of dietary carbohydrates in gestational diabetes","volume":"12","author":"Mustad","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.2337\/dc16-1728","article-title":"Physical activity\/exercise and diabetes: a position statement of the American diabetes association","volume":"39","author":"Colberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/ijn.13141","article-title":"Clinical practice guidelines on physical activity and exercise for pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"29","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Nurs Pract"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2177","DOI":"10.1007\/s13300-020-00873-3","article-title":"Basal-bolus insulin regimen for hospitalised patients with COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus: a practical approach","volume":"11","author":"Attri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetes Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.16209","article-title":"Evaluation of the analytical and clinical accuracy of four blood glucose meters in pregnant women with hyperglycaemia","author":"Immanuel","year":"2025","journal-title":"Diabetes Obes Metabol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib82","first-page":"S282","article-title":"15. Management of diabetes in pregnancy: standards of care in Diabetes-2024","volume":"47","year":"2024","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2018-0288","article-title":"An overview of the management of diabetes from pre-conception, during pregnancy and in the postnatal period","volume":"19","author":"Broughton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Med"},{"issue":"10448","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(24)00826-2","article-title":"Call to action for a life course approach","volume":"404","author":"Simmons","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2022.101294","article-title":"The life course perspective of gestational diabetes: an opportunity for the prevention of diabetes and heart disease in women","volume":"45","author":"Fu","year":"2022","journal-title":"eClinicalMedicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1111\/1753-0407.13559","article-title":"Antenatal oral glucose tolerance test abnormalities in the prediction of future risk of postpartum diabetes in women with gestational diabetes: results from the LIVING study","volume":"16","author":"Gupta","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Diabetes"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diabres.2014.12.006","article-title":"Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) follow up: as simple as ABCDE","volume":"107","author":"Kalra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes Res Clin Pract"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib88","first-page":"446","article-title":"ABCDEFG of postpartum care after GDM (gestational diabetes mellitus)","volume":"65","author":"Gupta","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Pakistan Med Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1038\/s43856-024-00491-1","article-title":"Effective interventions in preventing gestational diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Takele","year":"2024","journal-title":"Commun Med"},{"issue":"5 Suppl","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-006-0098-7","article-title":"Preconception care and women with or at risk for diabetes: implications for community intervention","volume":"10","author":"Owens","year":"2006","journal-title":"Matern Child Health J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib91","first-page":"dgae838","article-title":"TOBOGM consortium. Ethnic Differences in Characteristics of Women Diagnosed with Early Gestational Diabetes: Findings from the TOBOGM Study","volume":"6","author":"Yuen","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Clin Endocrinol Metab"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256_bib92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1007\/s13410-024-01370-0","article-title":"Early gestational diabetes mellitus: An update about its current status","volume":"44","author":"Mohan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int J Diabetes Dev Ctries"}],"container-title":["Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1871402125000736?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1871402125000736?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T23:43:14Z","timestamp":1762558994000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1871402125000736"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":92,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]}},"alternative-id":["S1871402125000736"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256","relation":{},"ISSN":["1871-4021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1871-4021","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Current approach to early gestational diabetes mellitus: A clinical update","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103256","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 Research Trust of DiabetesIndia (DiabetesIndia) and National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC). Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103256"}}