{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T01:24:20Z","timestamp":1790817860722,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,21]],"date-time":"2025-11-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763683200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":51,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000853","name":"University of Glasgow","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000853","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,22]],"date-time":"2025-11-22T00:42:33Z","timestamp":1763772153000},"page":"103331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Differential associations between smoking, e-cigarette use, and diabetes prevalence"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Yusuff Adebayo","family":"Adebisi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chimwemwe","family":"Ngoma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Davide","family":"Campagna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antonio","family":"Ceriello","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Najim Z.","family":"Alshahrani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anoop","family":"Misra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul","family":"Basit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cristina","family":"Russo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tadej","family":"Battelino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel","family":"Somasundaram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muhammad Yazid","family":"Jalaludin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Phuong","family":"Le Dinh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshifumi","family":"Saisho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Walicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Venera","family":"Tomaselli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulio","family":"Cantone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Othmar","family":"Moser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Riccardo","family":"Polosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/hsr2.2004","article-title":"Diabetes mellitus, the fastest growing global public health concern: early detection should be focused","volume":"7","author":"Hossain","year":"2024","journal-title":"Health Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.2991\/jegh.k.191028.001","article-title":"Epidemiology of type 2 diabetes - global burden of disease and forecasted trends","volume":"10","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Epidemiol Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib3","series-title":"IDF diabetes Atlas","year":"2025"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.p848","article-title":"Diabetes cases in UK reach all time high, charity warns","volume":"381","author":"Wise","year":"2023","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib5","article-title":"An overview of environmental risk factors for type 2 diabetes research using network science tools","volume":"10","author":"Cao","year":"2024","journal-title":"Digit Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15010078","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Dendup","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Publ Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trsl.2017.02.004","article-title":"Smoking and the risk of type 2 diabetes","volume":"184","author":"Maddatu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Transl Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-019-0482-2","article-title":"Smoking and diabetes: dangerous liaisons and confusing relationships","volume":"11","author":"Campagna","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diabetol Metab Syndr"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00316-2","article-title":"Relation of active, passive, and quitting smoking with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1177\/15598276221111046","article-title":"The effects of smoking on the diagnostic characteristics of Metabolic syndrome: a review","volume":"17","author":"Behl","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Lifestyle Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530320666200217123901","article-title":"Chronic tobacco exposure by smoking develops insulin resistance","volume":"20","author":"Mukharjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr, Metab Immune Disord: Drug Targets"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-023-02805-z","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and vascular biology and function: evidence from human studies","volume":"475","author":"Hahad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pfl\u00fcgers Archiv"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt071","article-title":"Smoking and diabetes: does the increased risk ever go away?","volume":"178","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.54962","article-title":"Prevalence of popular smoking cessation aids in England and associations with quit success","volume":"8","author":"Jackson","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1108\/DHS-07-2022-0028","article-title":"Estimation of the global number of vapers: 82 million worldwide in 2021","volume":"24","author":"Jerzy\u0144ski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drugs, Habits and Social Policy"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1186\/s13011-023-00571-w","article-title":"Consideration of vaping products as an alternative to adult smoking: a narrative review","volume":"18","author":"Foster","year":"2023","journal-title":"Subst Abuse Treat Prev Pol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-025-03873-y","article-title":"Self-rated health differences between exclusive e-cigarette users and exclusive cigarette smokers: evidence from the 2017-2019 Scottish Health Survey","volume":"20","author":"Adebisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib18","article-title":"E-cigs have lower levels of harmful toxins","volume":"189","author":"Collier","year":"2017","journal-title":"CMAJ (Can Med Assoc J)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jemep.2025.101117","article-title":"Understanding research gaps and priorities for tobacco harm reduction in low-income and middle-income countries","volume":"33","author":"Adebisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Ethics, Medicine and Public Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2024.108521","article-title":"Long-term effects of chronic exposure to electronic cigarette aerosol on the cardiovascular and pulmonary system in mice: a comparative study to cigarette smoke","volume":"185","author":"Dai","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ Int"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics8040105","article-title":"Electronic cigarette use and metabolic Syndrome development: a critical review","volume":"8","author":"G\u00f3rna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxics"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1136","DOI":"10.1111\/obr.12568","article-title":"Do E-cigarettes induce weight changes and increase cardiometabolic risk? A signal for the future","volume":"18","author":"Verhaegen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Obes Rev"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1168","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.321565","article-title":"Electronic nicotine delivery systems and Cardiovascular\/Cardiometabolic health","volume":"132","author":"Mears","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ Res"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2019.09.067","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of switching from tobacco cigarettes to electronic cigarettes","volume":"74","author":"George","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02451-9","article-title":"Medium- and longer-term cardiovascular effects of e-cigarettes in adults making a stop-smoking attempt: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"20","author":"Klonizakis","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.3390\/biology10111208","article-title":"Short-Term cardiovascular effects of E-Cigarettes in adults making a stop-smoking attempt: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Klonizakis","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biology"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1333","DOI":"10.1161\/ATVBAHA.121.317749","article-title":"Chronic E-Cigarette use impairs endothelial function on the physiological and cellular levels","volume":"42","author":"Mohammadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.110948","article-title":"The association between e-cigarette use or dual use of e-cigarette and combustible cigarette and prediabetes, diabetes, or insulin resistance: findings from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES)","volume":"251","author":"Cai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"872","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2021.12.009","article-title":"The Association between E-Cigarette use and prediabetes: results from the behavioral risk factor surveillance System, 2016-2018","volume":"62","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib30","article-title":"Heterogeneous Association between E-Cigarette use and diabetes prevalence among U.S. adults","volume":"4","author":"Neupane","year":"2024","journal-title":"AJ Focus"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4178\/epih.e2024029","article-title":"Impact of electronic cigarette use on the increased risk of diabetes: the Korean Community Health Survey","volume":"46","author":"Jeong","year":"2024","journal-title":"Epidemiol Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib32","article-title":"Association between E-Cigarette smoking and insulin resistance using the triglyceride-glucose index in Korean adults: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"20","author":"Lim","year":"2024","journal-title":"Korean J Fam Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237983","article-title":"Association between electronic cigarette use and metabolic syndrome in the Korean general population: a nationwide population-based study","volume":"15","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2025.108040","article-title":"Self-Rated health by time since smoking cessation","volume":"69","author":"Adebisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"738","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kws156","article-title":"Validity and reliability of self-reported diabetes in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Study","volume":"176","author":"Schneider","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pcd.2014.05.003","article-title":"Validation of self-reported diagnosis of diabetes in the 1946 British birth cohort","volume":"9","author":"Pastorino","year":"2015","journal-title":"Prim Care Diabetes"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12902-022-01056-w","article-title":"Socio-demographic correlates of diabetes self-reporting validity: a study on the adult Kurdish population","volume":"22","author":"Moradpour","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Endocr Disord"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0226744","article-title":"Electronic cigarettes and insulin resistance in animals and humans: results of a controlled animal study and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2013-2016)","volume":"14","author":"Orimoloye","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2019.107692","article-title":"E-cigarette use is associated with a self-reported diagnosis of prediabetes in never cigarette smokers: results from the behavioral risk factor surveillance system survey","volume":"205","author":"Atuegwu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Alcohol Depend"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2020.100975","article-title":"Cigarette smoke exposure impairs \u03b2-cell function through activation of oxidative stress and ceramide accumulation","volume":"37","author":"Tong","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Metabol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3078","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-1100","article-title":"Nicotine and insulin resistance: when the smoke clears","volume":"61","author":"Bajaj","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3156","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0418","article-title":"Novel and reversible mechanisms of smoking-induced insulin resistance in humans","volume":"61","author":"Bergman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib44","article-title":"'E-cigarette smoking' is a misleading term: a critical review of its use in academic literature","volume":"18","author":"Adebisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1007\/s11739-025-04019-w","article-title":"When meta-analysis misleads: the need for methodological integrity in e-cigarette research","volume":"20","author":"Polosa","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib46","article-title":"Who does not want to quit? Determinants of no intention to stop smoking in a population-based sample of current smokers","volume":"4","author":"Adebisi","year":"2025","journal-title":"Intern Emerg Med"},{"issue":"1S","key":"10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.03.012","article-title":"Cross-Sectional studies: strengths, weaknesses, and recommendations","volume":"158","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chest"}],"container-title":["Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1871402125001481?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S1871402125001481?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T14:49:47Z","timestamp":1766155787000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S1871402125001481"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]}},"alternative-id":["S1871402125001481"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331","relation":{},"ISSN":["1871-4021"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1871-4021","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Differential associations between smoking, e-cigarette use, and diabetes prevalence","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome: Clinical Research & Reviews","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.dsx.2025.103331","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of Research Trust of DiabetesIndia (DiabetesIndia) and National Diabetes Obesity and Cholesterol Foundation (N-DOC).","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103331"}}