{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T02:58:14Z","timestamp":1790218694768,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2009,3,1]],"date-time":"2009-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1235865600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Early Human Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2008,9,10]],"date-time":"2008-09-10T07:23:03Z","timestamp":1221031383000},"page":"163-169","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Cystic periventricular leukomalacia in preterm infants: An analysis of obstetric risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"85","author":[{"given":"Margit","family":"Bauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christa","family":"Fast","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josef","family":"Haas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bernhard","family":"Resch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Lang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Pertl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib1","first-page":"574","article-title":"Brain injury in the premature infant","volume":"29","author":"Volpe","year":"1997","journal-title":"Clin Perinatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-3782(90)90002-Z","article-title":"White matter damage in preterm newborns \u2014 an epidemiologic perspective","volume":"24","author":"Leviton","year":"1990","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"663","DOI":"10.1007\/PL00008403","article-title":"Risk factors and determinants of neurodevelopmental outcome in cystic periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"159","author":"Resch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F27","DOI":"10.1136\/fn.75.1.F27","article-title":"Clinical associations and time of onset of cerebral white matter damage in very preterm babies","volume":"75","author":"Murphy","year":"1996","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(95)92471-X","article-title":"Case\u2013control study of antenatal and intrapartum risk factors for cerebral palsy in very preterm singleton babies","volume":"346","author":"Murphy","year":"1995","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-3476(96)70292-5","article-title":"Prenatal and perinatal factors and cerebral palsy in very low birth weight infants","volume":"128","author":"Grether","year":"1996","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022368915400","article-title":"White matter injury following systemic endotoxemia or asphyxia in the fetal sheep","volume":"28","author":"Mallard","year":"2003","journal-title":"Neurochem Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199301000-00013","article-title":"Frequent episodes of brief ischaemia sensitize the fetal sheep brain to neuronal loss and induce striatal injury","volume":"33","author":"Mallard","year":"1993","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199707000-00001","article-title":"Maternal intrauterine infection, cytokines and brain damage in the preterm newborn","volume":"42","author":"Dammann","year":"1997","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1754.2000.00536.x","article-title":"Infection and preterm birth: evidence of a common causal relationship with bronchopulmonary dysplasia and cerebral palsy","volume":"36","author":"Vigneswaran","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Paediatr Child Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000224754.63593.c4","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of cell death in periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"67","author":"Kadhim","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1440-1789.2002.00438.x","article-title":"Periventricular leukomalacia, inflammation and white matter lesions within the developing nervous system","volume":"22","author":"Rezaie","year":"2002","journal-title":"Neuropathology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1995.tb10875.x","article-title":"Effect of preterm premature rupture of membranes on neurodevelopmental outcome: follow up at two years of age","volume":"102","author":"Spinillo","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.97.6.822","article-title":"Bilateral cystic periventricular leukomalacia in the preterm infant: associated risk factors","volume":"97","author":"Perlman","year":"1996","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199910143411604","article-title":"Antenatal glucocorticoid treatment and cystic periventricular leukomalacia in very premature infants","volume":"341","author":"Baud","year":"1999","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"947","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.06.039","article-title":"Gestational age at preterm premature rupture of membranes: a risk factor for neonatal white matter damage","volume":"193","author":"Locatelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.11.035","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis increases neonatal morbidity in pregnancies complicated by preterm premature rupture of membranes","volume":"192","author":"Ramsey","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1341","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000161375.55172.3f","article-title":"Epipage Group. Prenatal risk factors for cerebral palsy in very preterm singletons and twins","volume":"105","author":"Livinec","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib19","first-page":"599","article-title":"Premature rupture of the membranes between 28 and 34\u00a0weeks of amenorrhea. Retrospective study apropos of 71 cases","volume":"29","author":"Mehdi","year":"2000","journal-title":"J Gynecol Obstet Biol Reprod (Paris)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-6661(199809\/10)7:5<243::AID-MFM7>3.0.CO;2-G","article-title":"Relationship between endomyometritis and the duration of premature membrane rupture","volume":"7","author":"Ustun","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Matern Fetal Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00814-7","article-title":"Prolonged latency after preterm premature rupture of membranes: an evaluation of histologic condition and intracranial ultrasonic abnormality in neonate born < 28\u00a0weeks of gestation","volume":"189","author":"McElrath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(00)00886-3","article-title":"Outcome of very low birth weight infants with histopathologic chorioamnionitis","volume":"96","author":"Dexter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1996.tb15068.x","article-title":"Periventricular leukomalacia: risk factors revisited","volume":"38","author":"Zupan","year":"1996","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.aje.a009458","article-title":"Prenatal events and the risk of cerebral palsy in very low birth weight infants","volume":"147","author":"O'Shea","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-3016.1998.00134.x","article-title":"Perinatal events and the risk of intraparenchymal echodensity in very-low-birthweight neonates","volume":"12","author":"O'Shea","year":"1998","journal-title":"Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e6","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2007.01.009","article-title":"Does peripartum infection increase the incidence of cerebral palsy in extremely low birthweight infants?","volume":"196","author":"Costantine","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.284.11.1417","article-title":"Chorioamnionitis as a risk factor for cerebral palsy. A meta analysis","volume":"284","author":"Wu","year":"2000","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.109.4.650","article-title":"Placental features in preterm infants with periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"109","author":"Kumazaki","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2004.02.001","article-title":"Severe umbilical cord inflammation\u2014a predictor of periventricular leukomalacia in very low birth weight infants","volume":"77","author":"Wharton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Early Human Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2004.02.011","article-title":"Possible antenatal and perinatal related factors in development of cystic periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"27","author":"Murata","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2005.05.063","article-title":"Duration of labor and risk of cerebral white-matter damage in very preterm infants who are delivered with intrauterine infection","volume":"193","author":"Locatelli","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1515\/jpme.1998.26.3.204","article-title":"The effects of betamethasone on white blood cells during pregnancy with PPROM","volume":"26","author":"Diebel","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1515\/JPM.2002.041","article-title":"The effect of betamethasone administration to pregnant women on maternal serum indicators of infection","volume":"30","author":"Vaisbuch","year":"2002","journal-title":"J Perinat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/S0020-7292(97)00085-4","article-title":"Changes in leukocyte, granulocyte and lymphocyte counts following antenatal betamethasone administration to pregnant women","volume":"58","author":"Kadanali","year":"1997","journal-title":"Int J Gynaecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1016\/S0029-7844(00)00928-5","article-title":"Histologic chorioamnionitis, antenatal steroids and perinatal outcomes","volume":"96","author":"Elimian","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1203\/00006450-199911000-00013","article-title":"Maternal infection, fetal inflammatory response, and brain damage in very low birth weight infants. Developmental Epidemiology Network Investigators","volume":"46","author":"Leviton","year":"1999","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1203\/01.pdr.0000182596.66175.ee","article-title":"Population cohort associating chorioamnionitis, cord inflammatory cytokines and neurologic outcome in very preterm, extremely low birth weight infants","volume":"59","author":"Kaukola","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pediatr Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1985.tb04865.x","article-title":"Perinatal events which precede periventricular hemorrhage and leukomalacia in the newborn","volume":"92","author":"Weindling","year":"1985","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-3782(96)01779-3","article-title":"Clinical features of and cardiotocographic findings for premature infants with antenatal periventricular leukomalacia","volume":"47","author":"Ito","year":"1997","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000230533.62760.ef","article-title":"Intrapartum electronic fetal heart rate monitoring and the prevention of perinatal brain injury","volume":"108","author":"Graham","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1998.tb09363.x","article-title":"Are neonatal brain lesions due to intrauterine infection related to mode of delivery?","volume":"105","author":"Baud","year":"1998","journal-title":"Br J Obstet Gynaecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000154156.51578.50","article-title":"The impact of vaginal delivery in premature infants weighing less than 1,251\u00a0grams","volume":"105","author":"Deulofeut","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1067\/S0002-9378(03)00360-0","article-title":"Does labor influence neonatal and neurodevelopmental outcomes of extremely-low-birth-weight infants who are born by cesarean delivery?","volume":"189","author":"Wadhawan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(99)70339-X","article-title":"Labor and delivery characteristics and risks of cranial ultrasound abnormalities among very-low-birth-weight infants","volume":"181","author":"Hansen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib45","first-page":"1","article-title":"Preeclampsia and cerebral palsy in low-birthweight and preterm infants: implications for the current \u201cischemic model\u201d of preeclampsia","volume":"20","author":"Xiong","year":"2001","journal-title":"Hypertens Pregnancy"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2004.11.057","article-title":"The Epipage Study Group. Are maternal hypertension and small-for-gestational age risk factors for severe intraventricular hemorrhage and cystic periventricular leukomalacia? Results of the EPIPAGE cohort study","volume":"193","author":"Ancel","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib47","first-page":"214","article-title":"Foetal cerebral maturation in hypertensive disorders of pregnancy","volume":"63","author":"Hadi","year":"1984","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1663","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200106130-00030","article-title":"Cerebral protection by hypoxic preconditioning in a murine model of focal ischemia\u2013reperfusion","volume":"12","author":"Miller","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1080\/08035250410024998","article-title":"Preterm male infants need more initial respiratory and circulatory support than female infants","volume":"93","author":"Elsmen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1097\/01.AOG.0000247174.27979.6b","article-title":"Perinatal factors associated with cerebral palsy in children born in Sweden","volume":"108","author":"Thorngren-Jerneck","year":"2006","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1533","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.05.023","article-title":"The Alabama Preterm Birth Study: intrauterine infection and placental histologic findings in preterm births of males and females less than 32\u00a0weeks","volume":"195","author":"Goldenberg","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1371","DOI":"10.2741\/1890","article-title":"Genetics of perinatal brain injury in the preterm infant","volume":"11","author":"Baier","year":"2006","journal-title":"Front Biosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.38169.519653.EB","article-title":"Prospective randomised controlled trial of an infection screening programme to reduce the rate of preterm delivery","volume":"329","author":"Kiss","year":"2004","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"775","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(93)90004-3","article-title":"Induction versus expectant management in premature rupture of the membranes with mature amniotic fluid at 32 to 36\u00a0weeks: a randomized trial","volume":"169","author":"Mercer","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1016\/0029-7844(95)00303-9","article-title":"Intentional delivery versus expectant management with preterm ruptured membranes at 30\u201334\u00a0weeks gestation","volume":"86","author":"Cox","year":"1995","journal-title":"Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70638-6","article-title":"Premature rupture of the membranes at 34\u201337\u00a0weeks gestation: aggressive versus conservative management","volume":"178","author":"Naef","year":"1998","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2006.03.053","article-title":"Preterm histologic chorioamnionitis: impact on cord gas and pH values and neonatal outcome","volume":"195","author":"Richardson","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007_bib58","first-page":"S360","article-title":"The role of maternal C-reactive protein and white blood cell count in the prediction of chorioamnionitis in women with premature rupture of membranes","volume":"84","author":"Sereepapong","year":"2001","journal-title":"J Med Assoc Thail"}],"container-title":["Early Human Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378378208001308?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378378208001308?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,19]],"date-time":"2023-05-19T18:20:02Z","timestamp":1684520402000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378378208001308"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}},"alternative-id":["S0378378208001308"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2008.07.007","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-3782"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-3782","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2009,3]]}}}