{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:59:28Z","timestamp":1788893968347,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,1]],"date-time":"2021-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1633046400000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Early Human Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,8,31]],"date-time":"2021-08-31T02:07:07Z","timestamp":1630375627000},"page":"105455","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Preterm infant heart rate is lowered after Family Nurture Intervention in the NICU: Evidence in support of autonomic conditioning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"161","author":[{"given":"Robert J.","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth E.","family":"Grunau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julia E.","family":"Chafkin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amie A.","family":"Hane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph R.","family":"Isler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cecil M.Y.","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martha G.","family":"Welch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Myers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1530","article-title":"Birth practices: maternal-neonate separation as a source of toxic stress","volume":"111","author":"Bergman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2634","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.03.572","article-title":"Preterm birth and risk of heart failure up to early adulthood","volume":"69","author":"Carr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13164","article-title":"Newly born low birthweight infants stabilise better in skin-to-skin contact than when separated from their mothers: a randomised controlled trial","volume":"105","author":"Chi Luong","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.561186","article-title":"Heart rate variability in the perinatal period: a critical and conceptual review","volume":"14","author":"Chiera","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Neurosci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinthera.2006.09.006","article-title":"Cardiovascular support in preterm infants","volume":"28","author":"Evans","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tics.2016.11.007","article-title":"The neurobiology of human attachments","volume":"21","author":"Feldman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Cogn Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00343.x","article-title":"Skin-to-skin contact (Kangaroo Care) accelerates autonomic and neurobehavioural maturation in preterm infants","volume":"45","author":"Feldman","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev Med Child Neurol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"569","DOI":"10.1016\/j.infbeh.2011.06.008","article-title":"Mother and infant coordinate heart rhythms through episodes of interaction synchrony","volume":"34","author":"Feldman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infant Behav Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1964.tb48167.x","article-title":"Autonomic conditioning","volume":"117","author":"Gantt","year":"1964","journal-title":"Ann N Y Acad Sci"},{"issue":"26","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0050","first-page":"145","article-title":"Effect of person","volume":"1991","author":"Gantt","year":"1966","journal-title":"Integr Physiol Behav Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2012.12.010","article-title":"Autonomic cardiovascular control in hypotensive critically ill preterm infants is impaired during the first days of life","volume":"89","author":"Golder","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0060","first-page":"333","article-title":"Matenal behavior in rabbits: a historical and multidisciplinary perspective","volume":"25","author":"Gonzalez-Mariscal","year":"1996","journal-title":"Adv Study Behav"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"857","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-019-04075-z","article-title":"Heart rate recovery after maximal exercise is impaired in healthy young adults born preterm","volume":"119","author":"Haraldsdottir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur J Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2307\/1166146","article-title":"Hidden regulators in attachment, separation, and loss","volume":"59","author":"Hofer","year":"1994","journal-title":"Monogr Soc Res Child Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S203","DOI":"10.33549\/physiolres.933676","article-title":"Heart rate variability in newborns","volume":"66","author":"Javorka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Physiol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0080","article-title":"Skin-to-skin care for procedural pain in neonates","volume":"2","author":"Johnston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.14484","article-title":"Changes in autonomic regulation due to Kangaroo Care remain unaffected by using a swaddling device","volume":"108","author":"Kommers","year":"2019","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-019-05390-8","article-title":"Fetal heart rate variability responsiveness to maternal stress, non-invasively detected from maternal transabdominal ECG","volume":"301","author":"Lobmaier","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch Gynecol Obstet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"683","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2019.00683","article-title":"Darwin\u2019s other dilemmas and the theoretical roots of emotional connection","volume":"10","author":"Ludwig","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Psychol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2020.105183","article-title":"How babies learn: the autonomic socioemotional reflex","volume":"151","author":"Ludwig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"689","DOI":"10.1177\/0884217505281857","article-title":"Heart rate variability responses of a preterm infant to kangaroo care","volume":"34","author":"McCain","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Obstet Gynecol Neonatal Nurs"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.12.005","article-title":"A randomised trial of continuous skin-to-skin contact after preterm birth and the effects on salivary cortisol, parental stress, depression, and breastfeeding","volume":"91","author":"Morelius","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2014.01.008","article-title":"Effect of holding on co-regulation in preterm infants: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"90","author":"Neu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03001788","article-title":"One-trial cardiac conditioning in dogs","volume":"1","author":"Newton","year":"1966","journal-title":"Cond Reflex"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1530\/ror.0.0050153","article-title":"Role of mother-young interactions in the survival of offspring in domestic mammals","volume":"5","author":"Nowak","year":"2000","journal-title":"Rev Reprod"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0130","series-title":"Maternal Behavior","author":"Numan","year":"2006"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0135","series-title":"The Polyvagal Theory: Neurophysiological Foundations of Emotions, Attachment, Communication, and Self-regulation","author":"Porges","year":"2011"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21841","article-title":"Autonomic regulation of preterm infants is enhanced by Family Nurture Intervention","volume":"61","author":"Porges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21841","article-title":"Autonomic regulation of preterm infants is enhanced by Family Nurture Intervention","volume":"61","author":"Porges","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dev Psychobiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E48","DOI":"10.1097\/ANC.0000000000000675","article-title":"A randomized trial of continuous versus intermittent skin-to-skin contact after premature birth and the effects on mother-infant interaction","volume":"20","author":"Sahlen Helmer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv Neonatal Care"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1847","article-title":"Exposures influencing the developing central autonomic nervous system","volume":"113","author":"Schlatterer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"204","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.26.6.204","article-title":"Back to basics: attachment, affect regulation, and the developing right brain: linking developmental neuroscience to pediatrics","volume":"26","author":"Schore","year":"2005","journal-title":"Pediatr Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2020.03.041","article-title":"Impact of skin-to-skin parent-infant care on preterm circulatory physiology","volume":"222","author":"Sehgal","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1159\/000501906","article-title":"The transitional heart: from early embryonic and fetal development to neonatal life","volume":"47","author":"Tan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Fetal Diagn Ther"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1266","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.13547","article-title":"Calming cycle theory: the role of visceral\/autonomic learning in early mother and infant\/child behaviour and development","volume":"105","author":"Welch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2431-12-14","article-title":"Family nurture intervention (FNI): methods and treatment protocol of a randomized controlled trial in the NICU","volume":"12","author":"Welch","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00737-015-0502-7","article-title":"Depression and anxiety symptoms of mothers of preterm infants are decreased at 4 months corrected age with family nurture intervention in the NICU","volume":"19","author":"Welch","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch Womens Ment Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0236930","article-title":"Family nurture intervention in the NICU increases autonomic regulation in mothers and children at 4-5 years of age: follow-up results from a randomized controlled trial","volume":"15","author":"Welch","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2012.09.009","article-title":"The development of autonomic cardiovascular control is altered by preterm birth","volume":"89","author":"Yiallourou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum Dev"}],"container-title":["Early Human Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378378221001547?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378378221001547?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,8]],"date-time":"2025-10-08T02:11:04Z","timestamp":1759889464000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378378221001547"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S0378378221001547"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-3782"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-3782","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Preterm infant heart rate is lowered after Family Nurture Intervention in the NICU: Evidence in support of autonomic conditioning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Early Human Development","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2021.105455","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105455"}}