{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,1]],"date-time":"2026-02-01T02:21:05Z","timestamp":1769912465055,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,1]],"date-time":"2025-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756684800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749427200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Early Human Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,9]],"date-time":"2025-06-09T19:27:43Z","timestamp":1749497263000},"page":"106316","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maxillary sinus volume: A link between prenatal sex steroids and a paranasal reservoir of nitric oxide?"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"208","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Kasielska-Trojan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marcin","family":"Majos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Sitek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bogus\u0142aw","family":"Antoszewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Manning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0005","series-title":"Illustrated anatomy of the head and neck","author":"Fehrenbach","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0495-370","article-title":"High nitric oxide production in human paranasal sinuses","volume":"1","author":"Lundberg","year":"1995","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2362.1993.tb00797.x","article-title":"Time-course and dose-response of nitric oxide inhalation for systemic oxygenation and pulmonary hypertension in patients with adult respiratory distress syndrome","volume":"23","author":"Gerlach","year":"1993","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(94)91465-6","article-title":"Autoinhalation of nitric oxide after endogenous synthesis in nasopharynx","volume":"343","author":"Gerlach","year":"1994","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.16-108","article-title":"Effects of exercise training on nitric oxide, blood pressure and antioxidant enzymes","volume":"60","author":"Tsukiyama","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Biochem. Nutr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1177\/0194599811435883","article-title":"Prenatal development of the maxillary sinus: a perspective for paranasal sinus surgery","volume":"146","author":"Nu\u00f1ez-Castruita","year":"2012","journal-title":"Otolaryngol. Head Neck Surg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3000","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/13.11.3000","article-title":"The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length: a predictor of sperm numbers and concentrations of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and oestrogen","volume":"13","author":"Manning","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2023.105799","article-title":"Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: a mini-review","volume":"183","author":"Manning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2019.04.008","article-title":"Digit ratio (2D:4D), myocardial infarction and fibrinogen in men","volume":"133","author":"Manning","year":"2019","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0050","first-page":"720","article-title":"The ratio of 2nd to 4th digit length and age at first myocardial infarction in men: a link with testosterone?","volume":"8","author":"Manning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21407","article-title":"Digit ratio (2D:4D) and rowing ergometer performance in males and females","volume":"144","author":"Longman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics13233536","article-title":"Gender determination based on CBCT maxillary sinus analysis: a systematic review","author":"Christoloukas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0065","article-title":"Sex-based differences in frontal sinus anatomy: a crosssectional study: sex-based differences in frontal sinus anatomy","volume":"5","author":"Imtiaz","year":"2024","journal-title":"PJHS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0070","first-page":"195","article-title":"Sphenoid sinus symmetry and differences between sexes","volume":"46","author":"Filho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1186\/s12880-024-01319-z","article-title":"Gender differences in ethmoid sinus morphology_ 3D reconstruction of computed tomographic images","volume":"24","author":"Hsu","year":"2024","journal-title":"BMC Med. Imaging"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1259\/dmfr.20190205","article-title":"The maxillary sinus: physiology, development and imaging anatomy","volume":"48","author":"Whyte","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dentomaxillofac. Radiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1393","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2015.05.032","article-title":"Development of the maxillary sinus from birth to age 18. Postnatal growth pattern","volume":"79","author":"Lorkiewicz-Muszy\u0144ska","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Pediatr. Otorhinolaryngol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.12.002","article-title":"Fetal development of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D:4D)","volume":"82","author":"Malas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2024.106067","article-title":"First trimester maternal sex steroids and the digit ratios of mothers and children","volume":"195","author":"Kasielska-Trojan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2009.0346","article-title":"Differences in the 2nd to 4th digit length ratio in humans reflect shifts along the common allometric line","volume":"5","author":"Kratochv\u00edl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0105","article-title":"A comprehensive allometric analysis of 2nd digit length to 4th digit length in humans","volume":"284","author":"Lolli","year":"2017","journal-title":"Proc. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23138","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in the ontogeny of second (2D) and fourth (4D) digit lengths, and digit ratio (2D:4D)","volume":"30","author":"Manning","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.21051","article-title":"Digit ratio (2D:4D), sex differences, allometry, and finger length of 12-30-year olds: evidence from the British broadcasting corporation (BBC) internet study","volume":"22","author":"Manning","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87394-6","article-title":"Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations","volume":"11","author":"Butovskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23776","article-title":"Anthropometric measures do not explain the 2D:4D ratio sexual dimorphism in 7-year-old children","volume":"34","author":"J\u00e4getoft","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-97845-9","article-title":"An anthropometric study of sexual orientation and gender identity in Thailand","volume":"11","author":"Skorska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0280514","article-title":"In support of 2D:4D: more data exploring its conflicting results on handedness, sexual orientation and sex differences","volume":"18","author":"Lupu","year":"2023","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2023.105799","article-title":"Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: a mini-review","volume":"183","author":"Manning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2020.104686","article-title":"Through a glass, darkly: human digit ratios reflect prenatal androgens, imperfectly","volume":"120","author":"Swift-Gallant","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2020.104710","article-title":"Facing off with the phalangeal phenomenon and editorial policies: a commentary on Swift-Gallant, Johnson, Di Rita and Breedlove (2020)","volume":"120","author":"McCormick","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16289","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1108312108","article-title":"Developmental basis of sexually dimorphic digit ratios","volume":"108","author":"Zheng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-8-82","article-title":"Factors affecting exhaled nitric oxide measurements: the effect of sex","volume":"8","author":"Taylor","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1479","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.20782","article-title":"Nitric oxide and the paranasal sinuses","volume":"291","author":"Lundberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Anat. Rec. (Hoboken)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.24047","article-title":"The associations between digit ratio (2D:4D and right - left 2D:4D), maximal oxygen consumption and ventilatory thresholds in professional male football players","volume":"36","author":"Parpa","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"issue":"2021","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0175","article-title":"The associations between digit ratio, aerobic fitness, physical skills, and overall physical fitness of elite youth distance runners","volume":"33","author":"Lombardo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0180","article-title":"The relationshipbetween digit ratio (2D:4D), Vo2max, ventilatory threshold, andrunning performance","volume":"6","author":"Holzapfel","year":"2016","journal-title":"IJSSF"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0185","first-page":"105","article-title":"The ACE I\/D polymorphism is associated with nitric oxide metabolite and blood pressure levels in healthy Mexican men","volume":"85","author":"Avila-Vanzzini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Cardiol. Mex."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.55453\/rjmm.2025.128.1.10","article-title":"Gender-dependent associations between digit ratio and genetic polymorphisms, BMI, and reproductive factors","volume":"128","author":"Nica","year":"2025","journal-title":"RJMM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.3389\/fcell.2014.00073","article-title":"Exercise and NO production: relevance and implications in the cardiopulmonary system","volume":"2","author":"Nosarev","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Cell Dev. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.7575\/aiac.ijkss.v.6n.2p.22","article-title":"Effect of nasal versus oral breathing on Vo2 max and physiological economy in recreational runners following an extended period spent using nasally restricted breathing","volume":"6","author":"Dallam","year":"2018","journal-title":"IJKSS"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/5134360","article-title":"Impairment on cardiopulmonary function after Marathon: role of exhaled nitric oxide","volume":"2019","author":"Sierra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0121560","article-title":"Can persistence hunting signal male quality? A test considering digit ratio in endurance athletes","volume":"10","author":"Longman","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0215","article-title":"The relationship of the 2nd: 4th digit ratio to the maxillary sinus volume in men","volume":"5","author":"Hasan","year":"2018","journal-title":"BJSTR"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1249\/MSS.0b013e31818cb278","article-title":"Progressive statistics for studies in sports medicine and exercise science","volume":"41","author":"Hopkins","year":"2009","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Sports Exerc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"806","DOI":"10.47197\/retos.v65.110121","article-title":"Associa\u00e7\u00e3o entre a rela\u00e7\u00e3o 2D:4D e o Desempenho Desportivo Em Atletas. Uma revis\u00e3o sistem\u00e1tica e metaan\u00e1lisis [association between the 2D:4D ratio and sports performance in athletes: a systematic review and Meta-analysis]","volume":"65","author":"Bernardino","year":"2025","journal-title":"Retos"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.23657","article-title":"The relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) and muscular fitness: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Pasanen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"issue":"2024","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"556","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2023-107849","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory fitness is a strong and consistent predictor of morbidity and mortality among adults: an overview of meta-analyses representing over 20.9 million observations from 199 unique cohort studies","volume":"58","author":"Lang","year":"2024","journal-title":"BJSM"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0240","series-title":"Handbook of Anthropometry","first-page":"853","article-title":"Correlations between digit ratio and foetal origins of adult diseases in a Chinese population: a focus on coronary heart disease and breast cancer","author":"Zhenghao","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0245","first-page":"765","article-title":"Relations between digit ratio and coronary heart disease","volume":"39","author":"Zhang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Anat Sin."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2015.04.009","article-title":"Second to fourth digit ratio (2D:4D) and coronary heart disease","volume":"91","author":"Lu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.70040","article-title":"The relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) and aspects of cardiorespiratory fitness: a systematic review and Meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"Gower","year":"2025","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."}],"container-title":["Early Human Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378378225001264?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378378225001264?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,10]],"date-time":"2025-08-10T22:06:36Z","timestamp":1754863596000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378378225001264"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S0378378225001264"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-3782"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-3782","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Digit ratio (2D:4D) and maxillary sinus volume: A link between prenatal sex steroids and a paranasal reservoir of nitric oxide?","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Early Human Development","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106316","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106316"}}