{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T07:43:27Z","timestamp":1776411807234,"version":"3.51.2"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-017"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-037"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-012"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-029"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,1]],"date-time":"2026-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782864000000},"content-version":"stm-asf","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.15223\/policy-004"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Early Human Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,28]],"date-time":"2026-03-28T00:39:14Z","timestamp":1774658354000},"page":"106546","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Maternal digit ratio (2D:4D), autistic traits, and autism spectrum disorder in offspring: A case\u2013control study"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"218","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5938-3243","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P\u0131nar","family":"Aydo\u011fan Av\u015far","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0313-558X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tacettin","family":"Kuru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7504-5604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Orhan","family":"Kocaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2156-3457","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tayfun","family":"Kara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0005","first-page":"30","article-title":"Autism Spectrum disorders: etiology, epidemiology, and challenges for public health","author":"Ostrowski","year":"2024","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss7402a1","article-title":"Prevalence and early identification of autism Spectrum disorder among children aged 4 and 8 years \u2014 autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, 16 sites, United States, 2022","volume":"74","author":"Shaw","year":"2025","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.3039","article-title":"Most genetic risk for autism resides with common variation","volume":"46","author":"Gaugler","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2023.05.030","article-title":"A twin study of altered white matter heritability in youth with autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"63","author":"Hegarty","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.3109\/17549507.2013.861511","article-title":"The importance of early identification and intervention for children with or at risk for autism spectrum disorders","volume":"16","author":"Koegel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Speech Lang. Pathol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2006.08.003","article-title":"Neurosteroids in child and adolescent psychopathology","volume":"17","author":"Golubchik","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2014.03.003","article-title":"Sex differences in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: candidate genetic and endocrine mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"Davies","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0040","first-page":"154","article-title":"Maternal cortisol in 3rd trimester is associated with traits of neurodevelopmental disorder in offspring. Odense child cohort","author":"Andreasen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-022-05446-w","article-title":"Prenatal androgen exposure and traits of autism Spectrum disorder in the offspring: Odense child cohort","volume":"53","author":"Palm","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021932022000049","article-title":"The effects of sex, nation, ethnicity, age and self-reported pubertal development on participant-measured right-left 2D:4D (Dr-l) in the BBC internet study","volume":"55","author":"Manning","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Biosoc. Sci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0055","first-page":"183","article-title":"Digit ratio (2D:4D) and its relationship to foetal and maternal sex steroids: a mini-review","author":"Manning","year":"2023","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2024.106067","article-title":"First trimester maternal sex steroids and the digit ratios of mothers and children","volume":"195","author":"Kasielska-Trojan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8157","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-87394-6","article-title":"Sex, population origin, age and average digit length as predictors of digit ratio in three large world populations","volume":"11","author":"Butovskaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2012.08.009","article-title":"Digit ratio (2D:4D) in newborns: influences of prenatal testosterone and maternal environment","volume":"89","author":"Ventura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2664","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-013-1819-6","article-title":"A critical review of the research on the extreme male brain theory and digit ratio (2D:4D)","volume":"43","author":"Teatero","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00181.x","article-title":"The 2nd to 4th digit ratio and autism","volume":"43","author":"Manning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2014-007433","article-title":"Digit ratio and autism spectrum disorders in the Avon longitudinal study of parents and children: a birth cohort study","volume":"5","author":"Guyatt","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.1998.tb08217.x","article-title":"Turkish children\u2019s performance on Denver II: effect of sex and mother\u2019s education","volume":"40","author":"Durmazlar","year":"1998","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02408436","article-title":"Toward objective classification of childhood autism: Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS)","volume":"10","author":"Schopler","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0100","first-page":"1","article-title":"Validity and reliability analysis of turkish version of childhood autism rating scale","volume":"27","author":"Gassalo\u011flu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Turk Psikiyatr Derg."},{"issue":"31","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005653411471","article-title":"The Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ): evidence from Asperger syndrome\/high-functioning autism, males and females, scientists and mathematicians","volume":"311","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0110","first-page":"11","article-title":"Psychometric features of Turkish version of Autism-Spectrum Quotient","author":"K\u00f6se","year":"2010","journal-title":"Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"469","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2005.12.002","article-title":"Fetal development of the hand, digits and digit ratio (2D:4D)","volume":"82","author":"Malas","year":"2006","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S403","DOI":"10.33549\/10.33549\/physiolres.934592","article-title":"Testosterone and the brain: from cognition to autism","volume":"69","author":"Ostatn\u00edkov\u00e1","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1037\/0735-7044.122.2.273","article-title":"Masculinized finger-length ratios of boys, but not girls, are associated with attention-deficit\/hyperactivity disorder","volume":"122","author":"Martel","year":"2008","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.30565\/medalanya.1393223","article-title":"An examination of the 2D:4D ratio, handedness and footedness in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"7","author":"Kocaman","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Medica Alanya"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2024.106085","article-title":"The relationship between digit ratio (2D:4D) and intelligence levels in specific learning disorders","volume":"196","author":"Aydo\u011fan Av\u015far","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2024.105946","article-title":"2D:4D ratio, alexithymia, impulsivity, aggression, and ADHD in men with opioid and methamphetamine use disorders: a comparative analysis with healthy controls","volume":"189","author":"Akku\u015f","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/S1364-6613(02)01904-6","article-title":"The extreme male brain theory of autism","volume":"6","author":"Baron-Cohen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Cogn. Sci. [Internet]"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S123","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.02260","article-title":"Foetal testosterone and the child systemizing quotient. This paper was presented at the 4th Ferring Pharmaceuticals International Paediatric Endocrinology Symposium, Paris (2006). Ferring Pharmaceuticals has supported the publication of these proceedings","volume":"155","author":"Auyeung","year":"2006","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0155","first-page":"39","article-title":"Offspring sex ratio in mammals and the Trivers-Willard hypothesis: in pursuit of unambiguous evidence","author":"Douhard","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioessays"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0160","series-title":"Does the Mother or Father Determine the Offspring Sex Ratio? Investigating the Relationship between Maternal Digit Ratio and Offspring Sex Ratio","author":"Beom Kim","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2012.08.009","article-title":"Digit ratio (2D:4D) in newborns: influences of prenatal testosterone and maternal environment","volume":"89","author":"Ventura","year":"2013","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0170","first-page":"195","article-title":"First trimester maternal sex steroids and the digit ratios of mothers and children","author":"Kasielska-Trojan","year":"2024","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.860110","article-title":"Prenatal environment and neurodevelopmental disorders","volume":"13","author":"Doi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2019.02.014","article-title":"Prenatal testosterone exposure is associated with delay of gratification and attention problems\/overactive behavior in 3-year-old boys","volume":"104","author":"K\u00f6rner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106203","article-title":"The 2D:4D ratios in the mothers of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"201","author":"Kocaman","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"938","DOI":"10.1177\/1087054713482685","article-title":"Masculinization in parents of offspring with autism spectrum disorders could be involved in comorbid ADHD symptoms","volume":"21","author":"Romero-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Atten. Disord."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.22597","article-title":"Prenatal testosterone of progenitors could be involved in the etiology of both anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorders of their offspring","volume":"26","author":"Romero-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Biol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2001.tb00181.x","article-title":"The 2nd to 4th digit ratio and autism","volume":"43","author":"Manning","year":"2001","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1750","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-9338(11)73454-X","article-title":"The relationship between 2D:4D ratio and systemizing and empathy quotients in parents of people with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"26","author":"Romero-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. Psychiatry"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0210","first-page":"264","article-title":"The 2D:4D ratio and its relationship with other androgenisation parameters in parents of individuals with autism spectrum disorders","volume":"29","author":"Romero-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2013","journal-title":"An Psicol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1002\/ajpa.21105","article-title":"Brief communication: familial resemblance in digit ratio (2D:4D)","volume":"140","author":"Voracek","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Anthropol."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0220","first-page":"68","article-title":"Social communication and emotion difficulties and second to fourth digit ratio in a large community-based sample. Mol","volume":"61","author":"Barona","year":"2015","journal-title":"Autism"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2012.08.001","article-title":"Effects of autistic traits on social and school adjustment in children and adolescents: the moderating roles of age and gender","volume":"34","author":"Hsiao","year":"2013","journal-title":"Res. Dev. Disabil."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1097\/CHI.0b013e31819176b8","article-title":"Social communication competence and functional adaptation in a general population of children: preliminary evidence for sex-by-verbal IQ differential risk","volume":"48","author":"Skuse","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["Early Human Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S037837822600071X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S037837822600071X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,17]],"date-time":"2026-04-17T06:48:12Z","timestamp":1776408492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S037837822600071X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"references-count":46,"alternative-id":["S037837822600071X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-3782"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-3782","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Maternal digit ratio (2D:4D), autistic traits, and autism spectrum disorder in offspring: A case\u2013control study","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Early Human Development","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106546","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 Elsevier B.V. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106546"}}