{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T16:26:59Z","timestamp":1793636819596,"version":"4.5.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,12,1]],"date-time":"2026-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1796083200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000056","name":"National Institute of Nursing Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["5R01NR018147"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["5R01NR018147"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000056","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Early Human Development"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:36:46Z","timestamp":1787614606000},"page":"106646","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Early medical risk and childhood social protection are associated with adult outcomes after preterm birth"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"223","author":[{"given":"Tara","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karissa","family":"DiMarzio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Vittner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas A.","family":"Granger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Justin","family":"Parent","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amy L.","family":"D'Agata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.22249","article-title":"Analysis of neonatal neurobehavior and developmental outcomes among preterm infants","volume":"5","author":"McGowan","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0010","article-title":"Neuropsychological outcomes at 19 years of age following extremely preterm birth","volume":"145","author":"O'Reilly","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2017.07.007","article-title":"Early executive function differences in infants born moderate-to-late preterm","volume":"113","author":"Hodel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-018-1219-8","article-title":"Trajectories of behavior, attention, social and emotional problems from childhood to early adulthood following extremely preterm birth: a prospective cohort study","volume":"28","author":"Linsell","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12320","article-title":"Long-term cognitive and school outcomes of late-preterm and early-term births: a systematic review","volume":"42","author":"Chan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.14832","article-title":"Cognitive, motor, behavioural and academic performances of children born preterm: a meta-analysis and systematic review involving 64 061 children","volume":"125","author":"Allotey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bjog"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-022-03676-6","article-title":"Outcomes and predictors of functioning, mental health, and health-related quality of life in adults born with very low birth weight: a prospective longitudinal cohort study","volume":"22","author":"Wollum","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr."},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211058","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2021.1058","article-title":"Association of very preterm birth or very low birth weight with intelligence in adulthood: an individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"175","author":"Eves","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Pediatr."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7525-10-146","article-title":"Mental health, quality of life and social relations in young adults born with low birth weight","volume":"10","author":"Lund","year":"2012","journal-title":"Health Qual. Life Outcomes"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2019.6961","article-title":"Association of preterm birth and low birth weight with romantic partnership, sexual intercourse, and parenthood in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2","author":"Mendon\u00e7a","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-804281-6.00011-2","article-title":"Executive functions","volume":"163","author":"Cristofori","year":"2019","journal-title":"Handb. Clin. Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0060","article-title":"The application of adaptive behaviour models: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"Price","year":"2018","journal-title":"Behav. Sci. (Basel, Switzerland)"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0065","series-title":"International Encyclopedia of Education (Third Edition)","first-page":"865","article-title":"Social competence","author":"Owens","year":"2010"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(08)70073-5","article-title":"Preterm birth and the developing brain","volume":"7","author":"Ment","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2023.105082","article-title":"Long-lasting effects of very preterm birth on brain structure in adulthood: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"147","author":"Kelly","year":"2023","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.siny.2020.101108","article-title":"Neurodevelopmental origins of social competence in very preterm children","volume":"25","author":"Taylor","year":"2020","journal-title":"Semin. Fetal Neonatal Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00030","article-title":"Early neonatal pain\u2014a review of clinical and experimental implications on painful conditions later in life","volume":"8","author":"Williams","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1002\/dev.21507","article-title":"FKBP5 genotype and early life stress exposure predict neurobehavioral outcomes for preterm infants","volume":"59","author":"D\u2019Agata","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dev. Psychobiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0095","article-title":"Molding influences of prematurity: interviews with adults born preterm","volume":"166","author":"D\u2019Agata","year":"2022","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2025.106248","article-title":"Forever premature: adults born preterm and their life challenges","volume":"204","author":"Stegmann-Woessner","year":"2025","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0196-22.2023","article-title":"Long-term effects of preterm birth on children\u2019s brain structure: an analysis of the adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study","volume":"10","author":"Nath","year":"2023","journal-title":"eNeuro"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672214","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2021.672214","article-title":"Developmental trajectories in very preterm born children up to 8\u00a0years: a longitudinal cohort study","volume":"9","author":"van Beek","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/apa.17434","article-title":"Trajectories of social outcomes in individuals born very preterm from childhood to adolescence","volume":"114","author":"Thompson","year":"2025","journal-title":"Acta Paediatr."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1017\/S2040174409990171","article-title":"A conceptual framework for the developmental origins of health and disease","volume":"1","author":"Gluckman","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dev. Orig. Health Dis."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"59","DOI":"10.1080\/01460860390197835","article-title":"Testing proximal and distal protective processes in preterm high-risk children","volume":"26","author":"McGrath","year":"2003","journal-title":"Issues Compr. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2025.22599","article-title":"Psychological and physical health of a US preterm birth cohort at 35 years","volume":"8","author":"D\u2019Agata","year":"2025","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099-0917(199803)7:1<31::AID-EDP161>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Infant crying, risk status and social support in families of preterm and term infants","volume":"7","author":"Boukydis","year":"1998","journal-title":"Early Dev. Parent."},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/21.6.771","article-title":"Cardiorespiratory reactivity during the Brazelton Scale in term and preterm infants","volume":"21","author":"Lester","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Psychol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.95.4.516","article-title":"Developmental outcome as a function of the goodness of fit between the infant\u2019s cry characteristics and the mother\u2019s perception of her infant\u2019s cry","volume":"95","author":"Lester","year":"1995","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1097\/00006199-199811000-00004","article-title":"Maternal interaction patterns and preschool outcomes in high-risk children","volume":"47","author":"McGrath","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nurs. Res."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-8749.2003.tb00913.x","article-title":"Perinatal morbidity, mild motor delay, and later school outcomes","volume":"45","author":"Sullivan","year":"2003","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pedhc.2007.02.008","article-title":"Growth trajectories of preterm infants: birth to 12 years","volume":"22","author":"Sullivan","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Health Care"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1744-6155.2012.00337.x","article-title":"17-year outcome of preterm infants with diverse neonatal morbidities: part 1, impact on physical, neurological, and psychological health status","volume":"17","author":"Sullivan","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Spec. Pediatr. Nurs."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1111\/cch.12616","article-title":"Prematurity and cardiovascular risk at early adulthood","volume":"45","author":"Sullivan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Child Care Health Dev."},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1177\/1099800417718955","article-title":"Long-term effects of prematurity, cumulative medical risk, and proximal and distal social forces on individual differences in diurnal cortisol at young adulthood","volume":"20","author":"Winchester","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Res. Nurs."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9378(73)90720-5","article-title":"Prenatal and intrapartum high-risk screening: I. Prediction of the high-risk neonate","volume":"117","author":"Hobel","year":"1973","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0185","series-title":"Home Inventory Administration Manual","author":"Caldwell","year":"2001"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0190","series-title":"Four Factor Index of Social Status","author":"Hollingshead","year":"1975"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0195","series-title":"Manual for the Adult Self-Report for Ages 18\u201359","author":"Achenbach","year":"2003"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0200","series-title":"Adaptive Behavior Assessment System","author":"Harrison","year":"2003"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0b013e31824206fd","article-title":"Protective factors for adults from low-childhood socioeconomic circumstances: the benefits of shift-and-persist for allostatic load","volume":"74","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0210","author":"Delis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0215","series-title":"The Network of Relationship Inventory","author":"Furman","year":"1985"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1177\/0165025409342634","article-title":"The network of relationships inventory: behavioral systems version","volume":"33","author":"Furman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Behav. Dev."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.2307\/2787065","article-title":"Social well-being","volume":"61","author":"Keyes","year":"1998","journal-title":"Soc. Psychol. Q."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1111\/dmcn.13685","article-title":"Cognitive outcomes in children and adolescents born very preterm: a meta-analysis","volume":"60","author":"Brydges","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Med. Child Neurol."},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-023-02642-x","article-title":"Parental cognitive stimulation in preterm-born children's neurocognitive functioning during the preschool years: a systematic review","volume":"94","author":"Nelson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Pediatr. Res."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0240","first-page":"1","article-title":"How strong is the relationship between caregiver speech and language development? A meta-analysis","author":"Coffey","year":"2025","journal-title":"J. Child Lang."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F169","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2025-328891","article-title":"Predicting long-term neurodevelopmental outcomes for children born very preterm: a systematic review","volume":"111","author":"Burnett","year":"2025","journal-title":"Arch. Dis. Child. Fetal Neonatal Ed."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115024","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2026.115024","article-title":"The association of maternal sensitivity with subsequent cognition and language among children born preterm: an individual participant data (IPD) meta-analysis","author":"Jaekel","year":"2026","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0255","first-page":"203","article-title":"From the cradle to the grave: the effect of adverse caregiving environments on attachment and relationships throughout the lifespan","volume":"24","author":"Doyle","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0260","first-page":"4","article-title":"The public health burden of early adversity","volume":"37","author":"Schlueter","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zero to Three"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0265","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1097\/HRP.0000000000000246","article-title":"The impact of paid maternity leave on the mental and physical health of mothers and children: a review of the literature and policy implications","volume":"28","author":"Van Niel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Harv. Rev. Psych."},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0270","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1007\/s10995-024-03898-3","article-title":"Investigating the poverty-reducing effects of SNAP on non-nutritional family outcomes: a scoping review","volume":"28","author":"Evans","year":"2024","journal-title":"Matern. Child Health J."},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0275","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003602","article-title":"Parenting interventions to promote early child development in the first three years of life: a global systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Jeong","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646_bb0280","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/soc14090173","article-title":"A systematic review of economic and concrete support to prevent child maltreatment","volume":"14","author":"Cusick","year":"2024","journal-title":"Societies"}],"container-title":["Early Human Development"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378378226001726?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S0378378226001726?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,2]],"date-time":"2026-11-02T15:42:44Z","timestamp":1793634164000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S0378378226001726"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"references-count":56,"alternative-id":["S0378378226001726"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646","relation":{},"ISSN":["0378-3782"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0378-3782","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Early medical risk and childhood social protection are associated with adult outcomes after preterm birth","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"Early Human Development","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2026.106646","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2026 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"106646"}}