{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:36:30Z","timestamp":1790883390589,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,8,1]],"date-time":"2016-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1470009600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,13]],"date-time":"2016-07-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1468368000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,16]],"date-time":"2016-07-16T18:18:17Z","timestamp":1468693097000},"page":"312-317","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":86,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Revaccination with Live Attenuated Vaccines Confer Additional Beneficial Nonspecific Effects on Overall Survival: A Review"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"10","author":[{"given":"Christine S.","family":"Benn","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ane B.","family":"Fisker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hilton C.","family":"Whittle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Aaby","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1308","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.307.6915.1308","article-title":"Reduced childhood mortality after standard measles vaccination at 4\u20138months compared with 9\u201311months of age","volume":"307","author":"Aaby","year":"1993","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.311.7003.481","article-title":"Non-specific beneficial effect of measles immunisation: analysis of mortality studies from developing countries","volume":"311","author":"Aaby","year":"1995","journal-title":"Br. Med. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg005","article-title":"The survival benefit of measles immunization may not be explained entirely by the prevention of measles disease: a community study from rural Bangladesh","volume":"32","author":"Aaby","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5718","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2006.04.045","article-title":"Vaccinia scars associated with better survival for adults. An observational study from Guinea-Bissau","volume":"24","author":"Aaby","year":"2006","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1097\/01.inf.0000256735.05098.01","article-title":"Increased female-male mortality ratio associated with inactivated polio and diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccines: observations from vaccination trials in Guinea-Bissau","volume":"26","author":"Aaby","year":"2007","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c6495","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c6495","article-title":"Non-specific effects of standard measles vaccine at 4.5 and 9months of age on childhood mortality: randomised controlled trial","volume":"341","author":"Aaby","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir240","article-title":"Randomized trial of BCG vaccination at birth to low-birth-weight children: beneficial nonspecific effects in the neonatal period?","volume":"204","author":"Aaby","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciu354","article-title":"Measles vaccination in the presence or absence of maternal measles antibody: impact on child survival","volume":"59","author":"Aaby","year":"2014","journal-title":"CID"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1093\/trstmh\/tru174","article-title":"Is early measles vaccination better than later measles vaccination? A review","volume":"109","author":"Aaby","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aaby P, Ravn H, Benn, CS. The WHO review of the possible non-specific effects of diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccine. Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J. 2016 (epub).","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000001269"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1169","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(12)61376-2","article-title":"Reduction in child mortality in Niger: a countdown to 2015 country case study","volume":"380","author":"Amouzou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e318263135e","article-title":"Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis vaccination administered after measles vaccine: increased female mortality?","volume":"31","author":"Benn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(96)12019-5","article-title":"Randomised trial of effect of vitamin A supplementation on antibody response to measles vaccine in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa","volume":"350","author":"Benn","year":"1997","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.it.2013.04.004","article-title":"A small jab \u2013 a big effect: nonspecific immunomodulation by vaccines","volume":"34","author":"Benn","year":"2013","journal-title":"Trends Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5468","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.07.090","article-title":"Interaction between neonatal vitamin A supplementation and timing of measles vaccination: a retrospective analysis of three randomized trials from Guinea-Bissau","volume":"32","author":"Benn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyv117","article-title":"An enigma: why vitamin A supplementation does not always reduce mortality even though vitamin A deficiency is associated with increased mortality","volume":"44","author":"Benn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0b013e3182458289","article-title":"Small randomised trial among low-birth-weight children of Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination at first health center contact","volume":"31","author":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"issue":"137","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137ra72","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3003586","article-title":"Preexisting BCG-specific T cells improve intravesical immunotherapy for bladder cancer","volume":"4","author":"Biot","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sci. Transl. Med."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6711","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.73.10.6711-6720.2005","article-title":"Enhancement of innate and cell-mediated immunity by antimycobacterial antibodies","volume":"73","author":"De Vali\u00e8re","year":"2005","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1097\/INF.0000000000000896","article-title":"Reduced mortality after general measles vaccination campaign in rural Guinea-Bissau","volume":"34","author":"Fisker","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pediatr. Infect. Dis. J."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0105","author":"Higgins"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.85.2.188","article-title":"Childhood survival in Haiti: protective effect of measles vaccination","volume":"86","author":"Holt","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0000101","article-title":"Vaccinia scars associated with improved survival among adults in rural Guinea-Bissau","volume":"1","author":"Jensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"43","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17537","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1202870109","article-title":"Bacille Calmette-Guerin induces NOD2-dependent nonspecific protection from reinfection via epigenetic reprogramming of monocytes","volume":"109","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1159\/000355628","article-title":"Long-lasting effects of BCG vaccination on both heterologous Th1\/Th17 responses and innate trained immunity","volume":"6","author":"Kleinnijenhuis","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.321.7274.1435","article-title":"Routine vaccinations and child survival: follow up study in Guinea-Bissau, West Africa","volume":"321","author":"Kristensen","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0135","series-title":"The Structure of Scientific Revolutions","author":"Kuhn","year":"1962"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ617","article-title":"The effect of oral polio vaccine at birth on mortality. A randomized trial","author":"Lund","year":"2015","journal-title":"CID"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1731","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jit804","article-title":"A randomized trial of a standard dose of \u00c8dmonston-Zagreb measles vaccine given at 4.5months of age: effect on total hospital admissions","volume":"209","author":"Martins","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyw120","article-title":"Vaccinations against smallpox and tuberculosis are associated with better long-term survival: a Danish case-cohort study 1971\u20132010","author":"Reickmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"c671","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.c671","article-title":"Effect of revaccination with BCG in early childhood on mortality: randomised trial in Guinea-Bissau","volume":"340","author":"Roth","year":"2010","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0105-2896.2006.00394.x","article-title":"Memory of mice and men: CD8+ T-cell cross-reactivity and heterologous immunity","volume":"211","author":"Selin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0165","first-page":"1","article-title":"Pr\u00e8munition antituberculeuse par le BCG. Campagne porsuivie depuis 1935 sur 21.244 nouveau-n\u00e9s vaccines et 20.063 non vaccines","volume":"32","author":"Sergent","year":"1954","journal-title":"Arch L'Institut Pasteur D'Algerie"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.4236\/oji.2013.33011","article-title":"Repeated inoculations of Mycobacterium bovis Bacille Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin (BCG) are needed to induce a strong humoral immune response against antigens expressed by the bacteria","volume":"3","author":"Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Open J. Immunol."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.470","article-title":"Live vaccine against measles, mumps, and rubella and the risk of hospital admissions for nontargeted infections","volume":"311","author":"S\u00f8rup","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ofv204","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofv204","article-title":"Oral polio vaccination and hospital admissions with non-polio infections in Denmark: nationwide retrospective cohort study","volume":"3","author":"S\u00f8rup","year":"2015","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect. Dis."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"950","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ452","article-title":"Does a BCG scar protect against childhood hospitalization and death in rural Guinea-Bissau?","volume":"61","author":"Storgaard","year":"2015","journal-title":"CID"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0190","first-page":"233","volume":"89","author":"Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization","year":"2014","journal-title":"Wkly Epidemiol. Rec."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2004.02.053","article-title":"Routine vaccinations associated with divergent effects on female and male mortality at the paediatric ward in Bissau, Guinea-Bissau","volume":"23","author":"Veirum","year":"2005","journal-title":"Vaccine"}],"container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396416303218?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396416303218?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T18:45:14Z","timestamp":1762454714000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352396416303218"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"references-count":39,"alternative-id":["S2352396416303218"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-3964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2016,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Revaccination with Live Attenuated Vaccines Confer Additional Beneficial Nonspecific Effects on Overall Survival: A Review","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eBioMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.07.016","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}