{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T01:42:13Z","timestamp":1791510133533,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,9,1]],"date-time":"2018-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1535760000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,7,31]],"date-time":"2018-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1532995200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2016T90381"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2016T90381"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002858","name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2015M581652"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015M581652"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002858","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003395","name":"Shanghai Municipal Education Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["E03008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E03008"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003395","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["8153000502"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["8153000502"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81774196"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81774196"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81573873"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81573873"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EBioMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,8,10]],"date-time":"2018-08-10T01:45:26Z","timestamp":1533865526000},"page":"124-132","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":94,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Clinical prediction of HBV and HCV related hepatic fibrosis using machine learning"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"35","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7707-0160","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Runmin","family":"Wei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4626-0003","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingye","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9806-9537","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xiaoning","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoxiang","family":"Xie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yixing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Yuan","family":"Peng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Rajani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandi","family":"Kwee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"304","DOI":"10.1159\/000456580","article-title":"Lessons from epidemiology: the burden of liver disease","volume":"35","author":"Rowe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dig Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI24282","article-title":"Liver fibrosis","volume":"115","author":"Bataller","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2011.09.024","article-title":"Clinical evidence for the regression of liver fibrosis","volume":"56","author":"Ellis","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v5.i4.301","article-title":"Liver biopsy: complications and risk factors","volume":"5","author":"Thampanitchawong","year":"1999","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2614","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2002.06038.x","article-title":"Sampling error and intraobserver variation in liver biopsy in patients with chronic HCV infection","volume":"97","author":"Regev","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1610570","article-title":"Use of liver imaging and biopsy in clinical practice","volume":"377","author":"Tapper","year":"2017","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1317","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21178","article-title":"Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV\/HCV coinfection","volume":"43","author":"Sterling","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.21669","article-title":"FIB-4: an inexpensive and accurate marker of fibrosis in HCV infection. Comparison with liver biopsy and FibroTest","volume":"46","author":"Vallet-Pichard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-230X-12-2","article-title":"Validation of the FIB4 index in a Japanese nonalcoholic fatty liver disease population","volume":"12","author":"Sumida","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1478-3231.2009.02192.x","article-title":"Validation of FIB-4 and comparison with other simple noninvasive indices for predicting liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in hepatitis B virus-infected patients","volume":"30","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"Liver Int"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/nmat4997","article-title":"Circulating tumour DNA methylation markers for diagnosis and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Mater"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(13)70491-1","article-title":"Prognostic and predictive value of a microRNA signature in stage II colon cancer: a microRNA expression analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(15)01316-1","article-title":"A blood RNA signature for tuberculosis disease risk: a prospective cohort study","volume":"387","author":"Zak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0070","series-title":"Ensemble Methods: Foundations and Algorithms","author":"Zhou","year":"2012"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.001","article-title":"Personalized nutrition by prediction of glycemic responses","volume":"163","author":"Zeevi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2015.11.008","article-title":"FibroGENE: a gene-based model for staging liver fibrosis","volume":"64","author":"Eslam","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.7883\/yoken.JJID.2017.089","article-title":"Data mining and machine learning algorithms using IL28B genotype and biochemical markers best predicted advanced liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis C","volume":"71","author":"Shousha","year":"2018","journal-title":"Jpn J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1334","DOI":"10.1002\/jmv.23609","article-title":"Predicting the presence of hepatitis B virus surface antigen in Chinese patients by pathology data mining","volume":"85","author":"Shang","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Med Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmpb.2016.11.012","article-title":"A methodology for automated CPA extraction using liver biopsy image analysis and machine learning techniques","volume":"140","author":"Tsipouras","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comput Methods Programs Biomed"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0100","article-title":"Changes in liver stiffness measurement using acoustic radiation force impulse elastography after antiviral therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0133515","article-title":"Predictive ability of laboratory indices for liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C after the eradication of hepatitis C virus","volume":"10","author":"Tachi","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/S1089-3261(02)00009-0","article-title":"Scoring of chronic hepatitis","volume":"6","author":"Scheuer","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Liver Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0115","series-title":"Classification and Regression Trees","volume":"vol. 19","author":"Breiman","year":"1984"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.5.572","article-title":"Risk stratification for in-hospital mortality in acutely decompensated heart failure: classification and regression tree analysis","volume":"293","author":"Fonarow","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0125","first-page":"337","article-title":"The elements of statistical learning","volume":"1","author":"Hastie","year":"2009","journal-title":"Elements"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1010933404324","article-title":"Random forests","volume":"45","author":"Breiman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mach Learn"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0135","series-title":"R Packag Version 16\u201331","article-title":"Generalized Boosted Regression Models","author":"Greg R. gbm","year":"2010"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v028.i05","article-title":"Building predictive models in R using the caret package","volume":"28","author":"Kuhn","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Stat Softw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0145","series-title":"R Packag Version 41\u201310","article-title":"rpart: recursive partitioning and regression trees","author":"Therneau","year":"2015"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0150","first-page":"18","article-title":"Classification and regression by randomForest","volume":"2","author":"Liaw","year":"2002","journal-title":"R News"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"861","DOI":"10.1016\/j.patrec.2005.10.010","article-title":"An introduction to ROC analysis","volume":"27","author":"Fawcett","year":"2006","journal-title":"Pattern Recognit Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2105-12-77","article-title":"pROC: an open-source package for R and S+ to analyze and compare ROC curves","volume":"12","author":"Robin","year":"2011","journal-title":"BMC Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2595","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btv153","article-title":"PRROC: computing and visualizing precision-recall and receiver operating characteristic curves in R","volume":"31","author":"Grau","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/S1665-2681(19)31384-5","article-title":"Diagnostic value of fibronectin discriminant score for predicting liver fibrosis stages in chronic hepatitis C virus patients","volume":"12","author":"Attallah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"518","DOI":"10.1053\/jhep.2003.50346","article-title":"A simple noninvasive index can predict both significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C","volume":"38","author":"Wai","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"734","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(88)80022-2","article-title":"Ratio of serum aspartate to alanine aminotransferase in chronic hepatitis relationship to cirrhosis","volume":"95","author":"Williams","year":"1988","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.1016\/j.kjms.2012.11.007","article-title":"Comparisons of noninvasive indices based on daily practice parameters for predicting liver cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C patients in hospital and community populations","volume":"29","author":"Tseng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kaohsiung J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0190","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2893.1997.00141.x","article-title":"Age and platelet count: a simple index for predicting the presence of histological lesions in patients with antibodies to hepatitisC virus","volume":"4","author":"Poynard","year":"1997","journal-title":"J Viral Hepat"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2005.069153","article-title":"Diagnosis of cirrhosis by transient elastography (FibroScan): a prospective study","volume":"55","author":"Foucher","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1055\/s-2006-927368","article-title":"Lipid metabolism in the liver","volume":"45","author":"Canbay","year":"2007","journal-title":"Z Gastroenterol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.2165\/00003088-200241100-00005","article-title":"Enterohepatic circulation: physiological, pharmacokinetic and clinical implications","volume":"41","author":"Roberts","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin Pharmacokinet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0210","first-page":"513","article-title":"The BCAA\/AAA ratio of plasma amino acids in three different groups of cirrhotics","volume":"44","author":"Campollo","year":"1992","journal-title":"Rev Invest Clin"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hepres.2005.12.006","article-title":"Plasma amino acid profiles applied for diagnosis of advanced liver fibrosis in patients with chronic hepatitis C infection","volume":"34","author":"Zhang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Hepatol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0220","article-title":"Association between serum free fatty acid levels and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"4","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0225","article-title":"Serum and urine metabolite profiling reveals potential biomarkers of human hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mol Cell Proteomics"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3838","DOI":"10.1021\/pr300337s","article-title":"Urinary metabolite variation is associated with pathological progression of the post-hepatitis B cirrhosis patients","volume":"11","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Proteome Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2011.12.061","article-title":"Epidemiology of viral hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma","volume":"142","author":"El-Serag","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0240","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-8278(02)00413-0","article-title":"A comparison of fibrosis progression in chronic liver diseases","volume":"38","author":"Poynard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0245","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.7863\/ultra.34.5.813","article-title":"Differences in liver fibrosis between patients with chronic hepatitis B and C","volume":"34","author":"Tai","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Ultrasound Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0250","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1186\/s12874-016-0172-9","article-title":"Data sharing and the evolving role of statisticians","volume":"16","author":"Manamley","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Med Res Methodol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041_bb0255","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-015-0525-y","article-title":"Opening clinical trial data: are the voluntary data-sharing portals enough?","volume":"13","author":"Geifman","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Med"}],"container-title":["EBioMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396418302810?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396418302810?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T18:50:53Z","timestamp":1762455053000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352396418302810"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["S2352396418302810"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-3964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Clinical prediction of HBV and HCV related hepatic fibrosis using machine learning","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"EBioMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.07.041","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2018 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}]}}