{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T20:12:50Z","timestamp":1778875970501,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,1]],"date-time":"2021-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622505600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,4]],"date-time":"2021-05-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620086400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["201906170033"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["201906170033"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004543","name":"China Scholarship Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C3\/19\/057 Lab"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C3\/19\/057 Lab"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004543","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["INV-00636"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["INV-00636"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["101003627"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["101003627"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007601","name":"Horizon 2020","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["733176"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["733176"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007601","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["30981113"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["30981113"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek Vlaanderen","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G0G4820N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G0G4820N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C24\/17\/061"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C24\/17\/061"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"Katholieke Universiteit Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1186121N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1186121N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015902","name":"European Orthodontic Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015902","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["clinicalkey.com","clinicalkey.com.au","clinicalkey.es","clinicalkey.fr","clinicalkey.jp","thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["EBioMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T01:22:08Z","timestamp":1621905728000},"page":"103403","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":114,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Comparing infectivity and virulence of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants in Syrian hamsters"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"68","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9771-7312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rana","family":"Abdelnabi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robbert","family":"Boudewijns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6380-4917","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Caroline S.","family":"Foo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9562-2923","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Seldeslachts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Sanchez-Felipe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leen","family":"Delang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Piet","family":"Maes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Suzanne J.F.","family":"Kaptein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Birgit","family":"Weynand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Greetje","family":"Vande Velde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Johan","family":"Neyts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Dallmeier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0001","article-title":"Tracking the international spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages B.1.1.7 and B.1.351\/501Y-V2","author":"O'Toole","year":"2021","journal-title":"Virological"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0002","unstructured":"O'Toole \u00c1., Hill V. Lineage B.1.1.7. 2021; published online February 25. https:\/\/cov-lineages.org\/global_report_B.1.1.7.html (accessed Feb 26, 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-020-0770-5","article-title":"A dynamic nomenclature proposal for SARS-CoV-2 lineages to assist genomic epidemiology","volume":"5","author":"Rambaut","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0004","unstructured":"O'Toole \u00c1., Hill V. Lineage B.1.351. 2021; published online February 25. https:\/\/cov-lineages.org\/global_report_B.1.351.html (accessed Feb 26, 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0005","unstructured":"O'Toole \u00c1., Hill V. Lineage P.1. 2021; published online February 25. https:\/\/cov-lineages.org\/global_report_P.1.html (accessed Feb 26, 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00183-5","article-title":"Resurgence of COVID-19 in Manaus, Brazil, despite high seroprevalence","volume":"397","author":"Sabino","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabg3055","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abg3055","article-title":"Estimated transmissibility and impact of SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.7 in England","volume":"372","author":"Davies","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n372","article-title":"Covid-19: novavax vaccine efficacy is 86% against UK variant and 60% against South African variant","author":"Mahase","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n372","article-title":"Covid-19: South Africa pauses use of Oxford vaccine after study casts doubt on efficacy against variant","author":"Mahase","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/1873-3468.14076","article-title":"Enhanced binding of the N501Y-mutated SARS-CoV-2 spike protein to the human ACE2 receptor: insights from molecular dynamics simulations","author":"Luan","year":"2021","journal-title":"FEBS Lett"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0011","article-title":"Complete mapping of mutations to the SARS-CoV-2 spike receptor-binding domain that escape antibody recognition","volume":"29","author":"Greaney","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03324-6","article-title":"mRNA vaccine-elicited antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 and circulating variants","volume":"592","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"n359","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.n359","article-title":"Covid-19: the E484K mutation and the risks it poses","volume":"372","author":"Wise","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0014","article-title":"High-throughput, single-copy sequencing reveals SARS-CoV-2 spike variants coincident with mounting humoral immunity during acute COVID-19","volume":"17","author":"Hee Ko","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLOS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19684-y","article-title":"STAT2 signaling restricts viral dissemination but drives severe pneumonia in SARS-CoV-2 infected hamsters","volume":"11","author":"Boudewijns","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26955","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014441117","article-title":"Favipiravir at high doses has potent antiviral activity in SARS-CoV-2\u2212infected hamsters, whereas hydroxychloroquine lacks activity","volume":"117","author":"Kaptein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-3035-9","article-title":"A single-dose live-attenuated YF17D-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate","volume":"590","author":"Sanchez-Felipe","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2787-6","article-title":"Animal models for COVID-19","volume":"586","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Fontela","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2428","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa325","article-title":"Simulation of the clinical and pathological manifestations of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in golden Syrian hamster model: implications for disease pathogenesis and transmissibility","volume":"71","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16587","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2009799117","article-title":"Syrian hamsters as a small animal model for SARS-CoV-2 infection and countermeasure development","volume":"117","author":"Imai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2798-3","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in development","volume":"586","author":"Krammer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-1070-6","article-title":"Ad26 vaccine protects against SARS-CoV-2 severe clinical disease in hamsters","volume":"26","author":"Tostanoski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.03.096","article-title":"ALG-097111, a potent and selective SARS-CoV-2 3-chymotrypsin-like cysteine protease inhibitor exhibits in vivo efficacy in a Syrian Hamster model","volume":"555","author":"Vandyck","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem Biophys Res Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2020.25.9.2000178","article-title":"First cases of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the WHO European Region, 24 January to 21 February 2020","volume":"25","author":"Spiteri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"970","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2001468","article-title":"Transmission of 2019-nCoV infection from an asymptomatic contact in Germany","volume":"382","author":"Rothe","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0008117","article-title":"Accounting for population structure reveals ambiguity in the Zaire Ebolavirus reservoir dynamics","volume":"14","author":"Vrancken","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03237-4","article-title":"Loss of furin cleavage site attenuates SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis","volume":"591","author":"Johnson","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-53876-x","article-title":"Radiosafe micro-computed tomography for longitudinal evaluation of murine disease models","volume":"9","author":"Berghen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.020321","article-title":"Longitudinal micro-CT provides biomarkers of lung disease that can be used to assess the effect of therapy in preclinical mouse models, and reveal compensatory changes in lung volume","volume":"9","author":"Vande Velde","year":"2016","journal-title":"DMM Dis Model Mech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"856","DOI":"10.1165\/rcmb.2020-0280LE","article-title":"Standardization of reporting criteria for lung pathology in SARS-CoV-2-infected hamsters: what matters?","volume":"63","author":"Gruber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1464","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe8499","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 D614G variant exhibits efficient replication ex vivo and transmission in vivo","volume":"370","author":"Hou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.11.020","article-title":"Evaluating the effects of SARS-CoV-2 spike mutation D614G on transmissibility andpathogenicity","volume":"184","author":"Volz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1858177","article-title":"Defining the Syrian hamster as a highly susceptible preclinical model for SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"9","author":"Rosenke","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"782","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.12839","article-title":"Pathophysiology, transmission, diagnosis, and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a review","volume":"324","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA - J. Am. Med. Assoc."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1283","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-020-00731-9","article-title":"Interferons and viruses induce a novel truncated ACE2 isoform and not the full-length SARS-CoV-2 receptor","volume":"52","author":"Onabajo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23652","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2008281117","article-title":"A SARS-CoV-2 vaccine candidate would likely match all currently circulating variants","volume":"117","author":"Dearlove","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0037","unstructured":"Ecdc. Risk related to the spread of new SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in the EU\/EEA-first update. 2021 https:\/\/beta.microreact.org\/project\/r8vBmatkC9mcfrJJ6bUtNr-cog-uk-2021-01-09-sars-cov-2-in-the-uk\/(accessed Feb 24, 2021)."},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2020.1756700","article-title":"Attenuated SARS-CoV-2 variants with deletions at the S1\/S2 junction","volume":"9","author":"Lau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Emerg Microbes Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01479-w","article-title":"From SARS and MERS to COVID-19: a brief summary and comparison of severe acute respiratory infections caused by three highly pathogenic human coronaviruses","volume":"21","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.3390\/v12070779","article-title":"Age-dependent progression of SARS-CoV-2 infection in syrian hamsters","volume":"12","author":"Osterrieder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2020.108488","article-title":"The Roborovski dwarf hamster is a highly susceptible model for a rapid and fatal course of SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"33","author":"Trimpert","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell Rep"}],"container-title":["EBioMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396421001961?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396421001961?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T19:32:51Z","timestamp":1778873571000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352396421001961"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["S2352396421001961"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.02.26.433062","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["2352-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-3964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Comparing infectivity and virulence of emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants in Syrian hamsters","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"EBioMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103403","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"103403"}}