{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T03:22:45Z","timestamp":1792552965789,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,25]],"date-time":"2022-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1656115200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,8]],"date-time":"2022-07-08T13:21:44Z","timestamp":1657286504000},"page":"104154","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":296,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Appraising the causal role of smoking in multiple diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"82","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0118-0341","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susanna C.","family":"Larsson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5365-8760","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephen","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0001","series-title":"The Health Consequences of Smoking\u201450 Years of Progress","year":"2014"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Tobacco smoke and involuntary smoking","volume":"83","year":"2004","journal-title":"IARC Monogr Eval Carcinog Risks Hum"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5855","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5855","article-title":"Low cigarette consumption and risk of coronary heart disease and stroke: meta-analysis of 141 cohort studies in 55 study reports","volume":"360","author":"Hackshaw","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"468","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25534","article-title":"Smoking and stroke: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"86","author":"Larsson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"35","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3304","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehaa193","article-title":"Genetic predisposition to smoking in relation to 14 cardiovascular diseases","volume":"41","author":"Larsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2020.06.007","article-title":"Modifiable lifestyle factors and heart failure: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"227","author":"van Oort","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"22","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.022277","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for intracranial aneurysm and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"10","author":"Karhunen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1186\/s12920-021-00915-0","article-title":"Genetically determined tobacco and alcohol use and risk of atrial fibrillation","volume":"14","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Med Genomics"},{"issue":"21","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1161\/JAHA.121.022286","article-title":"Cardiometabolic, lifestyle, and nutritional factors in relation to varicose veins: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Am Heart Assoc"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.34461","article-title":"Genetics of smoking and risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"4","author":"Levin","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"otaa018","DOI":"10.1093\/crocol\/otaa018","article-title":"Exploring the effects of cigarette smoking on inflammatory bowel disease using mendelian randomization","volume":"2","author":"Jones","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crohns Colitis 360"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1077","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2021.06.013","article-title":"Genetically predicted adiposity, diabetes, and lifestyle factors in relation to diverticular disease","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2020.12.034","article-title":"Obesity, type 2 diabetes, lifestyle factors, and risk of gallstone disease: a mendelian randomization investigation","volume":"20","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0014","article-title":"Adiposity, diabetes, lifestyle factors and risk of gastroesophageal reflux disease: a Mendelian randomization study","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1038\/s41525-021-00189-6","article-title":"Gallstone disease, diabetes, calcium, triglycerides, smoking and alcohol consumption and pancreatitis risk: Mendelian randomization study","volume":"6","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"NPJ Genom Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.13544","article-title":"Testing the association between tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption, and risk of periodontitis: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"48","author":"Baumeister","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Periodontol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1679","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-200773","article-title":"Investigating causal relations between risk tolerance, risky behaviors, and Alzheimer's disease: a bidirectional two-sample mendelian randomization study","volume":"78","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1312","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2020-323316","article-title":"Relationship between smoking and ALS: Mendelian randomisation interrogation of causality","volume":"91","author":"Opie-Martin","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e02098","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2098","article-title":"Modifiable risk factors for epilepsy: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1325","DOI":"10.3233\/JPD-202522","article-title":"Smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease","volume":"11","author":"Sieurin","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Parkinsons Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3083","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-020-09980-4","article-title":"Smoking and multiple sclerosis risk: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"267","author":"Vandebergh","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Neurol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-019-00606-0","article-title":"Associations of Smoking and alcohol and coffee intake with fracture and bone mineral density: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"105","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Calcif Tissue Int"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-020-2134-1","article-title":"Genetic predisposition to smoking is associated with risk of rheumatoid arthritis: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"22","author":"Qian","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arthritis Res Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"365","DOI":"10.1016\/j.joca.2020.12.015","article-title":"Cardiometabolic traits mediating the effect of education on osteoarthritis risk: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"29","author":"Gill","year":"2021","journal-title":"Osteoarthritis Cartilage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.2147\/CLEP.S311785","article-title":"Genetically predicted cigarette smoking in relation to risk of polycystic ovary syndrome","volume":"13","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Epidemiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-020-05253-x","article-title":"An atlas on risk factors for type 2 diabetes: a wide-angled Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"63","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetologia"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1299","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaophthalmol.2021.4601","article-title":"Association of smoking, alcohol consumption, blood pressure, body mass index, and glycemic risk factors with age-related macular degeneration: a mendelian randomization study","volume":"139","author":"Kuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-04515-x","article-title":"Metabolic and lifestyle factors in relation to senile cataract: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"12","author":"Yuan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"953","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-20-1218","article-title":"Causal effects of lifetime smoking on breast and colorectal cancer risk: mendelian randomization study","volume":"30","author":"Dimou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1003178","article-title":"Smoking, alcohol consumption, and cancer: a mendelian randomisation study in UK Biobank and international genetic consortia participants","volume":"17","author":"Larsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6071","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19822-6","article-title":"A multivariable Mendelian randomization analysis investigating smoking and alcohol consumption in oral and oropharyngeal cancer","volume":"11","author":"Gormley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1136\/jmedgenet-2019-106200","article-title":"Mendelian randomisation study of the effects of known and putative risk factors on pancreatic cancer","volume":"57","author":"Lu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Med Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyg070","article-title":"Mendelian randomization': can genetic epidemiology contribute to understanding environmental determinants of disease?","volume":"32","author":"Davey Smith","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0034","unstructured":"FinnGen study. Data freeze 6 results and summary statistics. Available online: https:\/\/finngen.gitbook.io\/documentation\/. Accessed 1 February 2022."},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0327-1","article-title":"Identification of new therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis through genome-wide analyses of UK Biobank data","volume":"51","author":"Tachmazidou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1038\/ng.2500","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses identify 18 new loci associated with serum urate concentrations","volume":"45","author":"Kottgen","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-019-0556-y","article-title":"Multitrait analysis of glaucoma identifies new risk loci and enables polygenic prediction of disease susceptibility and progression","volume":"52","author":"Craig","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0307-5","article-title":"Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0039","article-title":"Evidence for causal effects of lifetime smoking on risk for depression and schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomisation study","author":"Wootton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychological Medicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.34408","article-title":"The MR-Base platform supports systematic causal inference across the human phenome","volume":"7","author":"Hemani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Elife"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000000559","article-title":"Sensitivity analyses for robust causal inference from Mendelian randomization analyses with multiple genetic variants","volume":"28","author":"Burgess","year":"2017","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0309-3","article-title":"Genome-wide association analyses of risk tolerance and risky behaviors in over 1 million individuals identify hundreds of loci and shared genetic influences","volume":"51","author":"Karlsson Linner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Genet"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1351-4","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and risk of 36 cardiovascular disease subtypes: fatal and non-fatal outcomes in a large prospective Australian study","volume":"17","author":"Banks","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pan.2019.09.004","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and the risk of pancreatitis: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"19","author":"Aune","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pancreatology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647-59 e4","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2019.04.016","article-title":"Environmental risk factors for inflammatory bowel diseases: an umbrella review of meta-analyses","volume":"157","author":"Piovani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"831","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2018.02.014","article-title":"Effect of smoking on periodontitis: a systematic review and meta-regression","volume":"54","author":"Leite","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am J Prev Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1111\/codi.13748","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and the risk of diverticular disease - a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies","volume":"19","author":"Aune","year":"2017","journal-title":"Colorectal Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"643","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-016-0124-z","article-title":"Tobacco smoking and the risk of gallbladder disease","volume":"31","author":"Aune","year":"2016","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2003.01232.x","article-title":"Fracture risk associated with smoking: a meta-analysis","volume":"254","author":"Vestergaard","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2008.096487","article-title":"Impact of smoking as a risk factor for developing rheumatoid arthritis: a meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"69","author":"Sugiyama","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1231","DOI":"10.1136\/ard.2010.142323","article-title":"Does smoking protect against osteoarthritis? Meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"70","author":"Hui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ann Rheum Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"849","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200202-097OC","article-title":"Tumor necrosis factor-alpha is central to acute cigarette smoke-induced inflammation and connective tissue breakdown","volume":"166","author":"Churg","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2020.102956","article-title":"Effects of tumour necrosis factor on cardiovascular disease and cancer: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"59","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034511421200","article-title":"Cigarette smoking and inflammation: cellular and molecular mechanisms","volume":"91","author":"Lee","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Dent Res"},{"issue":"42","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3259","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/eht352","article-title":"Managing tobacco use: the neglected cardiovascular disease risk factor","volume":"34","author":"Rigotti","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur Heart J"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.10277","article-title":"A meta-analysis of coffee drinking, cigarette smoking, and the risk of Parkinson's disease","volume":"52","author":"Hernan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann Neurol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.14283\/jpad.2019.7","article-title":"Factors associated with Alzheimer's disease: an overview of reviews","volume":"6","author":"Rochoy","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Prev Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0058","first-page":"312","article-title":"Effect of smoking on multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis","volume":"39","author":"Poorolajal","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Public Health (Oxf)"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1375","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2018.1935","article-title":"Association between midlife risk factors and late-onset epilepsy: results from the atherosclerosis risk in communities study","volume":"75","author":"Johnson","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.17108","article-title":"Vascular risk factors as predictors of epilepsy in older age: the Framingham heart study","volume":"63","author":"Stefanidou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.1.01867","article-title":"Smoking and hormones in health and endocrine disorders","volume":"152","author":"Kapoor","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur J Endocrinol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"673","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2009.03.062","article-title":"Smoking is associated with increased free testosterone and fasting insulin levels in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, resulting in aggravated insulin resistance","volume":"94","author":"Cupisti","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"958","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(15)00316-2","article-title":"Relation of active, passive, and quitting smoking with incident type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Pan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-6420(00)00580-7","article-title":"Risk factors for age-related macular degeneration: Pooled findings from three continents","volume":"108","author":"Smith","year":"2001","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1357","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.120.10.1357","article-title":"Smoking and the 5-year incidence of age-related maculopathy: the blue mountains eye study","volume":"120","author":"Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Arch Ophthalmol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3885","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.12-9820","article-title":"Smoking and risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis","volume":"53","author":"Ye","year":"2012","journal-title":"Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0067","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1940","DOI":"10.14309\/ajg.0000000000000803","article-title":"Smoking and colorectal cancer risk, overall and by molecular subtypes: a meta-analysis","volume":"115","author":"Botteri","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0000000000001072","article-title":"Survival bias in mendelian randomization studies: a threat to causal inference","volume":"30","author":"Smit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"691","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyy202","article-title":"Contextualizing selection bias in Mendelian randomization: how bad is it likely to be?","volume":"48","author":"Gkatzionis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2435","DOI":"10.1017\/S0033291719002678","article-title":"Evidence for causal effects of lifetime smoking on risk for depression and schizophrenia: a Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"50","author":"Wootton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychol Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1230","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-021-02685-y","article-title":"Smoking is significantly associated with increased risk of COVID-19 and other respiratory infections","volume":"4","author":"Rosoff","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2021.05.103","article-title":"Smoking, alcohol and coffee consumption and pregnancy loss: a Mendelian randomization investigation","volume":"116","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/joim.13196","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors and lifestyle behaviours in relation to longevity: a Mendelian randomization study","volume":"289","author":"van Oort","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Intern Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13807","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-70458-4","article-title":"Associations of cigarette smoking with psychiatric disorders: evidence from a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"10","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154_bib0075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.2019.202","article-title":"Smoking and the risk for bipolar disorder: evidence from a bidirectional Mendelian randomisation study","volume":"218","author":"Vermeulen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Br J Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396422003358?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396422003358?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,6]],"date-time":"2025-11-06T19:21:31Z","timestamp":1762456891000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352396422003358"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"references-count":75,"alternative-id":["S2352396422003358"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-3964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Appraising the causal role of smoking in multiple diseases: A systematic review and meta-analysis of Mendelian randomization studies","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eBioMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104154","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"104154"}}