{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T18:29:09Z","timestamp":1790792949219,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,1]],"date-time":"2025-04-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743465600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,12]],"date-time":"2025-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1741737600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1160025N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1160025N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1152225N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1152225N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003130","name":"Fonds Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["11L9824N"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11L9824N"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003130","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004040","name":"KU Leuven","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["C16\/19\/005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["C16\/19\/005"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004040","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,3]],"date-time":"2025-04-03T07:46:14Z","timestamp":1743666374000},"page":"105670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Computational fluid dynamics of small airway disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"114","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0103-2517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yousry K.","family":"Mohamady","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4386-1746","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vincent","family":"Geudens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlotte","family":"De Fays","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0379-358X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marta","family":"Zapata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-5714-248X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Omar","family":"Hagrass","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6576-7814","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Aversa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8546-8638","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marie","family":"Vermant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3295-7179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xin","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1260-7083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lynn","family":"Willems","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4068-7228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwein","family":"Gyselinck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8471-3686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Charlotte","family":"Hooft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4145-491X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Astrid","family":"Vermaut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6176-0404","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanne","family":"Beeckmans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3806-4478","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pieterjan","family":"Kerckhof","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9348-8081","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gitte","family":"Aerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Celine","family":"Aelbrecht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3981-4389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janne","family":"Verhaegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8094-3505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrew","family":"Higham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6406-7496","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Walter","family":"Coudyzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1067-9179","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emanuela E.","family":"Cortesi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2412-8001","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arno","family":"Vanstapel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2497-0258","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John E.","family":"McDonough","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8263-0350","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marianne S.","family":"Carlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8293-6261","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rozenn","family":"Quarck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5478-4141","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Matthieu N.","family":"Boone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3961-1522","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lieven","family":"Dupont","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2646-4770","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephanie","family":"Everaerts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1261-0992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dirk E.","family":"Van Raemdonck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4261-7100","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laurens J.","family":"Ceulemans","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7134-3287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tillie-Louise","family":"Hackett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3468-9251","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Vos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2951-0170","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yasser","family":"Abuouf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8054-2293","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joseph","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9648-3497","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim A.","family":"Wuyts","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6960-357X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"James C.","family":"Hogg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8637-3016","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcel","family":"Filoche","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9652-7437","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ghislaine","family":"Gayan-Ramirez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1830-2982","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wim","family":"Janssens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6435-6901","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bart M.","family":"Vanaudenaerde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1183","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(23)00217-6","article-title":"The global economic burden of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease for 204 countries and territories in 2020\u201350: a health-augmented macroeconomic modelling study","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/13993003.00239-2023","article-title":"Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease 2023 report: GOLD executive summary","volume":"61","author":"Agust\u00ed","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur Respir J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2645","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa032158","article-title":"The nature of small-airway obstruction in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"350","author":"Hogg","year":"2004","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib4","series-title":"Morphometry of the human lung","author":"Weibel","year":"1963"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0034-5687(70)90094-0","article-title":"The prediction of pressure drop and variation of resistance within the human bronchial airways","volume":"9","author":"Pedley","year":"1970","journal-title":"Respir Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1968.24.3.373","article-title":"Morphology of the bronchial tree in man","volume":"24","author":"Horsfield","year":"1968","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1967.22.3.395","article-title":"Resistance of central and peripheral airways measured by a retrograde catheter","volume":"22","author":"Macklem","year":"1967","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1318","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM197006042822311","article-title":"The lung\u2019s quiet zone","volume":"282","author":"Mead","year":"1970","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1355","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM196806202782501","article-title":"Site and nature of airway obstruction in chronic obstructive lung disease","volume":"278","author":"Hogg","year":"1968","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1733","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1983.55.6.1733","article-title":"Partitioning of pulmonary impedance in excised human and canine lungs","volume":"55","author":"Van Brabandt","year":"1983","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1016","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1992.72.3.1016","article-title":"Site of airway obstruction in pulmonary disease: direct measurement of intrabronchial pressure","volume":"72","author":"Yanai","year":"1992","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1106955","article-title":"Small-airway obstruction and emphysema in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"365","author":"McDonough","year":"2011","journal-title":"N\u00a0Engl J Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1115\/1.2895800","article-title":"Steady inspiratory flow in a model symmetric bifurcation","volume":"116","author":"Zhao","year":"1994","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1114\/1.1560632","article-title":"Computational fluid dynamics simulation of airflow and aerosol deposition in human lungs","volume":"31","author":"Nowak","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann Biomed Eng"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2008.05.016","article-title":"Numerical investigation of the three-dimensional flow in a human lung model","volume":"41","author":"Freitas","year":"2008","journal-title":"J\u00a0Biomech"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1038\/nature02287","article-title":"An optimal bronchial tree may be dangerous","volume":"427","author":"Mauroy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2044.1976.tb11804.x","article-title":"Poiseuille and his law","volume":"31","author":"Pfitzner","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anaesthesia"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2006.01.015","article-title":"User-guided 3D active contour segmentation of anatomical structures: significantly improved efficiency and reliability","volume":"31","author":"Yushkevich","year":"2006","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.201507-1281OC","article-title":"Morphometric analysis of explant lungs in cystic Fibrosis","volume":"193","author":"Boon","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib20","series-title":"Microfluidics: modelling, mechanics and mathematics","year":"2017"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib21","series-title":"Introduction to fluid mechanics, 0 edn","author":"Janna","year":"2009"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30196-6","article-title":"Small airways disease in mild and moderate chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"Koo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib23","first-page":"265","article-title":"The number and dimensions of small airways in emphysematous lungs","volume":"67","author":"Matsuba","year":"1972","journal-title":"Am J Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01179.2001","article-title":"Modeling airflow-related shear stress during heterogeneous constriction and mechanical ventilation","volume":"95","author":"Nucci","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.00764.2002","article-title":"Mechanisms of surface-tension-induced epithelial cell damage in a model of pulmonary airway reopening","volume":"94","author":"Bilek","year":"2003","journal-title":"J\u00a0Appl Physiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.260985","article-title":"Response of cells and tissues to shear stress","volume":"136","author":"Espina","year":"2023","journal-title":"J\u00a0Cell Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1794","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10071794","article-title":"Implant Fibrosis and the underappreciated role of myofibroblasts in the foreign body reaction","volume":"10","author":"Noskovicova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"555","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2938-9","article-title":"Fibrosis: from mechanisms to medicines","volume":"587","author":"Henderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1079","DOI":"10.1136\/thoraxjnl-2020-216037","article-title":"Small airway determinants of airflow limitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","volume":"76","author":"Polosukhin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Thorax"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.202303-0534OC","article-title":"A\u00a0single-cell atlas of small airway disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cross-sectional study","volume":"208","author":"Booth","year":"2023","journal-title":"Am J Respir Crit Care Med"}],"container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396425001148?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396425001148?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T16:16:23Z","timestamp":1762618583000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352396425001148"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":30,"alternative-id":["S2352396425001148"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-3964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Computational fluid dynamics of small airway disease in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eBioMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105670","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105670"}}