{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T06:33:40Z","timestamp":1790922820787,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,1]],"date-time":"2025-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1748736000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,1]],"date-time":"2025-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1746057600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_00034\/6"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_00034\/6"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"UK Research and Innovation Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MC_UU_0034\/3"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MC_UU_0034\/3"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,16]],"date-time":"2025-05-16T08:09:32Z","timestamp":1747382972000},"page":"105760","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Estimating population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 by random sampling from primary and secondary healthcare in Scotland, May 2024"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"116","author":[{"given":"Mhairi J.","family":"McCormack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sam","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Logan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Savitha","family":"Raveendran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph","family":"Newman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7750-4045","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor A.","family":"Santos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dalan","family":"Bailey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pablo R.","family":"Murcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1482-0889","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emma C.","family":"Thomson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Margaret J.","family":"Hosie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8912-3266","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Brian J.","family":"Willett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1293","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(22)00320-6","article-title":"Global impact of the first year of COVID-19 vaccination: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"22","author":"Watson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib3","first-page":"162","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 variant biology: immune escape, transmission and fitness","volume":"21","author":"Carabelli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e457","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00573-X","article-title":"Antigenicity and infectivity characterization of SARS-CoV-2 BA.2.86","volume":"23","author":"Yang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e82","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00813-7","article-title":"Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 JN.1 variant","volume":"24","author":"Kaku","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00505-X","article-title":"Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 KP.3.1.1 variant","volume":"24","author":"Kaku","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(24)00731-X","article-title":"Virological characteristics of the SARS-CoV-2 XEC variant","volume":"24","author":"Kaku","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"27","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2603","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2034577","article-title":"Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine","volume":"383","author":"Polack","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2439","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2027906","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of two RNA-based Covid-19 vaccine Candidates","volume":"383","author":"Walsh","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2032195","article-title":"Durability of responses after SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccination","volume":"384","author":"Widge","year":"2021","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"7830","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"567","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2622-0","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness","volume":"586","author":"Corbett","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"25","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2427","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2028436","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-1273 vaccine in older adults","volume":"383","author":"Anderson","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"10249","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)31604-4","article-title":"Safety and immunogenicity of the ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: a preliminary report of a phase 1\/2, single-blind, randomised controlled trial","volume":"396","author":"Folegatti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"14","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1279","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2208343","article-title":"A bivalent omicron-containing booster vaccine against Covid-19","volume":"387","author":"Chalkias","year":"2022","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1007","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00295-5","article-title":"Omicron BA.1-containing mRNA-1273 boosters compared with the original COVID-19 vaccine in the UK: a randomised, observer-blind, active-controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"Lee","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1089","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(23)00306-5","article-title":"Effectiveness of BNT162b2 BA.4\/5 bivalent mRNA vaccine against a range of COVID-19 outcomes in a large health system in the USA: a test-negative case\u2013control study","volume":"11","author":"Tartof","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Respir Med"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMc2215471","article-title":"Effectiveness of bivalent boosters against severe omicron infection","volume":"388","author":"Lin","year":"2023","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2325","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-023-02517-y","article-title":"Original SARS-CoV-2 monovalent and Omicron BA.4\/BA.5 bivalent COVID-19 mRNA vaccines: phase 2\/3 trial interim results","volume":"29","author":"Chalkias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00690-4","article-title":"Humoral and cellular immune responses following BNT162b2 XBB.1.5 vaccination","volume":"24","author":"Stankov","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e147","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00784-3","article-title":"Antiviral humoral immunity against SARS-CoV-2 omicron subvariants induced by XBB.1.5 monovalent vaccine in infection-naive and XBB-infected individuals","volume":"24","author":"Kosugi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e73","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(23)00746-6","article-title":"Short-term effectiveness of the XBB.1.5 updated COVID-19 vaccine against hospitalisation in Denmark: a national cohort study","volume":"24","author":"Hansen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib22","series-title":"Immunisation against infectious disease (The Green Book)","article-title":"Chapter 14a - COVID-19 - SARS-CoV-2","year":"2024"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2024.106119","article-title":"Altered IgG4 antibody response to repeated mRNA versus recombinant protein SARS-CoV-2 vaccines","volume":"88","author":"Kalkeri","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"81","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.adg7327","article-title":"Is it bad, is it good, or is IgG4 just misunderstood?","volume":"8","author":"Pillai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-024-00466-9","article-title":"Repeated COVID-19 mRNA vaccination results in IgG4 class switching and decreased NK cell activation by S1-specific antibodies in older adults","volume":"21","author":"Gelderloos","year":"2024","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"issue":"79","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciimmunol.ade2798","article-title":"Class switch toward noninflammatory, spike-specific IgG4 antibodies after repeated SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccination","volume":"8","author":"Irrgang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiaa788","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 serosurveillance in a patient population reveals differences in virus exposure and antibody-mediated immunity according to host demography and healthcare setting","volume":"223","author":"Hughes","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1010022","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010022","article-title":"Reduced neutralisation of the Delta (B. 1.617. 2) SARS-CoV-2 variant of concern following vaccination","volume":"17","author":"Davis","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1180","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-022-01163-3","article-title":"Neutralising antibody activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants, including Omicron, in an elderly cohort vaccinated with BNT162b2","volume":"7","author":"Newman","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1184362","article-title":"Correlation between pseudotyped virus and authentic virus neutralisation assays, a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Cantoni","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front immunol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"871","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt0997-871","article-title":"Multiply attenuated lentiviral vector achieves efficient gene delivery in vivo","volume":"15","author":"Zufferey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9873","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.72.12.9873-9880.1998","article-title":"Self-inactivating lentivirus vector for safe and efficient in vivo gene delivery","volume":"72","author":"Zufferey","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib33","series-title":"COVID-19 vaccine surveillance report","year":"2023"},{"issue":"10417","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2075","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)02397-8","article-title":"Omicron BA.2.86 cross-neutralising activity in community sera from the UK","volume":"402","author":"Willett","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"32","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.05.063","article-title":"Evidence for antibody as a protective correlate for COVID-19 vaccines","volume":"39","author":"Earle","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6576","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abm3425","article-title":"Immune correlates analysis of the mRNA-1273 COVID-19 vaccine efficacy clinical trial","volume":"375","author":"Gilbert","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e52","DOI":"10.1016\/S2666-5247(21)00267-6","article-title":"Neutralising antibody titres as predictors of protection against SARS-CoV-2 variants and the impact of boosting: a meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Cromer","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Microbe"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-021-01377-8","article-title":"Neutralizing antibody levels are highly predictive of immune protection from symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection","volume":"27","author":"Khoury","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1024","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-024-08511-9","article-title":"Differential protection against SARS-CoV-2 reinfection pre- and post-Omicron","volume":"639","author":"Chemaitelly","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nature"}],"container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S235239642500204X?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S235239642500204X?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T16:15:42Z","timestamp":1762618542000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S235239642500204X"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"references-count":38,"alternative-id":["S235239642500204X"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-3964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,6]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Estimating population immunity to SARS-CoV-2 by random sampling from primary and secondary healthcare in Scotland, May 2024","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eBioMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105760","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105760"}}