{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T16:17:42Z","timestamp":1791908262032,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,13]],"date-time":"2025-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1749772800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010269","name":"Wellcome Trust","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["206316\/Z\/17\/Z"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["206316\/Z\/17\/Z"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010269","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"European Commission","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/R010161\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/R010161\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007137","name":"Northern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HNF 1387-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNF 1387-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002992","name":"Department for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002992","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100016934","name":"Troms\u00f8 Forskningsstiftelse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100016934","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000278","name":"Department for International Development, UK Government","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000278","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,4]],"date-time":"2025-07-04T21:40:32Z","timestamp":1751665232000},"page":"105832","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Effect of long-term azithromycin treatment on gut microbial diversity in children and adolescents with HIV-associated chronic lung disease"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Trym Thune","family":"Flygel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0363-0249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ahmed","family":"Bargheet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina Esinam","family":"Abotsi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shantelle","family":"Claassen-Weitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4897-458X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Simms","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"Hjerde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kilaza Samson","family":"Mwaikono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Grace","family":"Mchugh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1592-6028","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dan","family":"Hameiri-Bowen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7108-9562","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika Kucha\u0159ov\u00e1","family":"Pettersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rashida Abbas","family":"Ferrand","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Nicol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jorunn Pauline","family":"Cavanagh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trond","family":"Flaegstad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2823-5808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeniya","family":"Sovershaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib1","article-title":"Human immunodeficiency virus-associated gastrointestinal disease: common endoscopic biopsy diagnoses","volume":"2011","author":"Bhaijee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Patholog Res Int"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"749","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20040874","article-title":"CD4+ T cell depletion during all stages of HIV disease occurs predominantly in the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"200","author":"Brenchley","year":"2004","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1511","article-title":"Microbial translocation is a cause of systemic immune activation in chronic HIV infection","volume":"12","author":"Brenchley","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.142","article-title":"Emerging pathogenic links between microbiota and the gut-lung axis","volume":"15","author":"Budden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Rev Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000426","article-title":"Gut microbial diversity in HIV infection post combined antiretroviral therapy: a key target for prevention of cardiovascular disease","volume":"13","author":"El-Far","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000234","article-title":"Microbial translocation and microbiome dysbiosis in HIV-associated immune activation","volume":"11","author":"Zevin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.32132","article-title":"HIV-induced alteration in gut microbiota: driving factors, consequences, and effects of antiretroviral therapy","volume":"5","author":"Lozupone","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib8","first-page":"483","article-title":"Composition of gut microbiota of children and adolescents with perinatal human immunodeficiency virus infection taking antiretroviral therapy in Zimbabwe","volume":"221","author":"Flygel","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-26","article-title":"HIV infection is associated with compositional and functional shifts in the rectal mucosal microbiota","volume":"1","author":"McHardy","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001249","article-title":"Chronic lung disease in HIV-infected children established on antiretroviral therapy","volume":"30","author":"Rylance","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1111\/ctr.12401","article-title":"Azithromycin improves lung function in patients with post-lung transplant bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome: a meta-analysis","volume":"28","author":"Kingah","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Transplant"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.3949\/ccjm.84a.16123","article-title":"Which patients with respiratory disease need long-term azithromycin?","volume":"84","author":"Alchakaki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cleve Clin J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2020.28484","article-title":"Effect of once-weekly azithromycin vs placebo in children with HIV-associated chronic lung disease: the BREATHE randomized clinical trial","volume":"3","author":"Ferrand","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2019-035677","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced changes in the human gut microbiota for the most commonly prescribed antibiotics in primary care in the UK: a systematic review","volume":"10","author":"Elvers","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.572912","article-title":"Antibiotics as major disruptors of gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Ramirez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1870402","article-title":"Association between antibiotics and gut microbiome dysbiosis in children: systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"13","author":"McDonnell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2019.10.008","article-title":"The effect of antibiotics on the composition of the intestinal microbiota - a systematic review","volume":"79","author":"Zimmermann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Infect"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.3109\/00365549109105189","article-title":"Comparative effects of clarithromycin and erythromycin on the normal intestinal microflora","volume":"23","author":"Brismar","year":"1991","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1080\/00365540050164272","article-title":"Comparative effects of moxifloxacin and clarithromycin on the normal intestinal microflora","volume":"32","author":"Edlund","year":"2000","journal-title":"Scand J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4244","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00461-16","article-title":"Ecological effect of solithromycin on normal human oropharyngeal and intestinal microbiota","volume":"60","author":"Rashid","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob Agents Chemother"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms10410","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome is related to lifetime antibiotic use in Finnish pre-school children","volume":"7","author":"Korpela","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1941","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2002606","article-title":"Macrolide and nonmacrolide resistance with mass azithromycin distribution","volume":"383","author":"Doan","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1183\/23120541.00491-2021","article-title":"The impact of long-term azithromycin on antibiotic resistance in HIV-associated chronic lung disease","volume":"8","author":"Abotsi","year":"2022","journal-title":"ERJ Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1186\/s13063-017-2344-2","article-title":"Azithromycin versus placebo for the treatment of HIV-associated chronic lung disease in children and adolescents (BREATHE trial): study protocol for a randomised controlled trial","volume":"18","author":"Gonzalez-Martinez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trials"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000002964","article-title":"Soluble biomarkers associated with chronic lung disease in older children and adolescents with perinatal HIV infection","volume":"35","author":"Hameiri-Bowen","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"581","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869","article-title":"DADA2: high-resolution sample inference from Illumina amplicon data","volume":"13","author":"Callahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat Methods"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0605-2","article-title":"Simple statistical identification and removal of contaminant sequences in marker-gene and metagenomics data","volume":"6","author":"Davis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0061217","article-title":"phyloseq: an R package for reproducible interactive analysis and graphics of microbiome census data","volume":"8","author":"McMurdie","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"63","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3201","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03201","article-title":"microViz: an R package for microbiome data visualization and statistics","volume":"6","author":"Barnett","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1136\/adc.76.1.47","article-title":"Growth monitoring with the British 1990 growth reference","volume":"76","author":"Cole","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib31","first-page":"265","article-title":"Nonparametric estimation of the number of classes in a population","volume":"11","author":"Chao","year":"1984","journal-title":"Scand J Stat"},{"issue":"18","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3514","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.1155","article-title":"Choosing and using diversity indices: insights for ecological applications from the German Biodiversity Exploratories","volume":"4","author":"Morris","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ecol Evol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib33","author":"Oksanen"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Stat Software"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib35","series-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis [Internet]","author":"Wickham","year":"2016"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"342","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28034-z","article-title":"Microbiome differential abundance methods produce different results across 38 datasets","volume":"13","author":"Nearing","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing","volume":"57","author":"Benjamini","year":"1995","journal-title":"J Roy Stat Soc B"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1574","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiu646","article-title":"HIV type 1 disease progression to AIDS and death in a rural Ugandan cohort is primarily dependent on viral load despite variable subtype and T-cell immune activation levels","volume":"211","author":"Eller","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3139","DOI":"10.21105\/joss.03139","article-title":"Performance: an R package for assessment, comparison and testing of statistical models","volume":"60","author":"L\u00fcdecke","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Open Source Softw"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib40","series-title":"An R Companion to Applied Regression","author":"Fox","year":"2018"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/ofid\/ofy289","article-title":"Effect of commonly used pediatric antibiotics on gut microbial diversity in preschool children in Burkina Faso: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"5","author":"Oldenburg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Open Forum Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2018.11.035","article-title":"Short- and long-term impacts of azithromycin treatment on the gut microbiota in children: a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"38","author":"Wei","year":"2018","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9168","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-06862-0","article-title":"Changes in the intestinal microbiota following the administration of azithromycin in a randomised placebo-controlled trial among infants in south India","volume":"7","author":"Parker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix141","article-title":"Gut microbial diversity in antibiotic-naive children after systemic antibiotic exposure: a randomized controlled trial","volume":"64","author":"Doan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib45","year":"2014"},{"issue":"Suppl 4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S310","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ674","article-title":"Emergence of community-acquired, multidrug-resistant invasive nontyphoidal Salmonella disease in rural Western Kenya, 2009-2013","volume":"61","author":"Oneko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"193","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/scitranslmed.3006438","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the gut microbiota is associated with HIV disease progression and tryptophan catabolism","volume":"5","author":"Vujkovic-Cvijin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-025-10800-1","article-title":"Changes in gut microbiome following anti-tuberculosis treatment: a prospective cohort from eastern China","volume":"25","author":"Zhang","year":"2025","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"38","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkh495","article-title":"Antimicrobial susceptibility of bifidobacteria","volume":"55","author":"Moubareck","year":"2005","journal-title":"J Antimicrob Chemother"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/mbio.01229-22","article-title":"Evolution of the gut microbiome in HIV-exposed uninfected and unexposed infants during the first year of life","volume":"13","author":"Jackson","year":"2022","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1349041","article-title":"Gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis: the players involved and the roles they play","volume":"8","author":"Shahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054519","article-title":"Key stratification of microbiota taxa and metabolites in the host metabolic health-disease balance","volume":"24","author":"Torres-S\u00e1nchez","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib53","first-page":"198","article-title":"Potential clinical use of azithromycin against gastroenteritis-causing pathogens other than Campylobacter","volume":"43","author":"Casanovas-Moreno-Torres","year":"2020","journal-title":"New Microbiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0533-0","article-title":"Gut microbiome alteration in MORDOR I: a community-randomized trial of mass azithromycin distribution","volume":"25","author":"Doan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"17","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1583","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1715474","article-title":"Azithromycin to reduce childhood mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"378","author":"Keenan","year":"2018","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00416-17","article-title":"The current state of macrolide resistance in Campylobacter spp.: trends and impacts of resistance mechanisms","volume":"83","author":"Bolinger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl Environ Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-021-01168-w","article-title":"Signature changes in gut microbiome are associated with increased susceptibility to HIV-1 infection in MSM","volume":"9","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/spectrum.00831-23","article-title":"The impact of long-term macrolide exposure on the gut microbiome and its implications for metabolic control","volume":"11","author":"Choo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2023.109756","article-title":"The effect of 48-weeks azithromycin therapy on levels of soluble biomarkers associated with HIV-associated chronic lung disease","volume":"116","author":"Hameiri-Bowen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int Immunopharmacol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0101344","article-title":"Rectal swabs for analysis of the intestinal microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Budding","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-017-0983-9","article-title":"Comparison of stool versus rectal swab samples and storage conditions on bacterial community profiles","volume":"17","author":"Bassis","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol"}],"container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396425002762?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396425002762?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T16:21:37Z","timestamp":1762618897000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352396425002762"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":61,"alternative-id":["S2352396425002762"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-3964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Effect of long-term azithromycin treatment on gut microbial diversity in children and adolescents with HIV-associated chronic lung disease","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eBioMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105832","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105832"}}