{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,20]],"date-time":"2026-09-20T11:14:43Z","timestamp":1789902883241,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,3]],"date-time":"2025-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751500800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021734","name":"Leprosy Research Initiative","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021734","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100017714","name":"Turing Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100017714","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005039","name":"Leids Universitair Medisch Centrum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005039","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100009425","name":"Q.M. Gastmann-Wichers Stichting","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100009425","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,18]],"date-time":"2025-07-18T09:33:41Z","timestamp":1752831221000},"page":"105855","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Integrative immune analysis in patients with leprosy reveals host factors associated with mycobacterial control"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"118","author":[{"given":"Anouk","family":"van Hooij","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Krista E.","family":"van Meijgaarden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marufa","family":"Khatun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Santosh","family":"Soren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kimberley","family":"Walburg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khorshed","family":"Alam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abu Sufian","family":"Chowdhury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Colette L.M.","family":"van Hees","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0564-6313","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Hendrik","family":"Richardus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annemieke","family":"Geluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006317","article-title":"Dietary diversity and poverty as risk factors for leprosy in Indonesia: a case-control study","volume":"12","author":"Oktaria","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyh002","article-title":"Inequality and leprosy in Northeast Brazil: an ecological study","volume":"33","author":"Kerr-Pontes","year":"2004","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib3","first-page":"798","article-title":"Mounting evidence suggests leprosy is endemic in Florida","volume":"330","author":"Harris","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1698","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2908.220367","article-title":"Case report of leprosy in Central Florida, USA, 2022","volume":"29","author":"Bhukhan","year":"2023","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2019-229287","article-title":"Cutaneous leprosy in Central Florida man with significant armadillo exposure","volume":"12","author":"Logas","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"511","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)00142-2","article-title":"Role of the cell wall phenolic glycolipid-1 in the peripheral nerve predilection of Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"103","author":"Ng","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e75","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30061-X","article-title":"Why we should stop using the word leprosy","volume":"20","author":"Deps","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib8","first-page":"255","article-title":"Classification of leprosy according to immunity. A five-group system","volume":"34","author":"Ridley","year":"1966","journal-title":"Int J Lepr Other Mycobact Dis"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2019.05.020","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of tests for leprosy: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"25","author":"Gurung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Infect"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9828023","article-title":"Accuracy of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) in detecting antibodies against Mycobacterium leprae in leprosy patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"2018","author":"Espinosa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J Infect Dis Med Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-024-01262-9","article-title":"Rapid test for Mycobacterium leprae infection: a practical tool for leprosy","volume":"13","author":"Pierneef","year":"2024","journal-title":"Infect Dis Poverty"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00033-16","article-title":"Field-Friendly test for monitoring multiple immune response markers during onset and treatment of exacerbated immunity in leprosy","volume":"23","author":"Corstjens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-015-1128-0","article-title":"Longitudinal immune profiles in type 1 leprosy reactions in Bangladesh, Brazil, Ethiopia and Nepal","volume":"15","author":"Khadge","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1590\/S0100-879X2009001000016","article-title":"Use of anti-PGL-1 antibodies to monitor therapy regimes in leprosy patients","volume":"42","author":"Zenha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Braz J Med Biol Res"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02913","article-title":"CR3 engaged by PGL-I triggers syk-calcineurin-NFATc to rewire the innate immune response in leprosy","volume":"10","author":"Doz-Deblauwe","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1487","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.202000810","article-title":"Synthetic phenolic glycolipids for application in diagnostic tests for leprosy","volume":"22","author":"van Dijk","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chembiochem"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00472-10","article-title":"Analysis of antibody responses to Mycobacterium leprae phenolic glycolipid I, lipoarabinomannan, and recombinant proteins to define disease subtype-specific antigenic profiles in leprosy","volume":"18","author":"Spencer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.47276\/lr.77.1.48","article-title":"Risk factors for developing leprosy--a population-based cohort study in Indonesia","volume":"77","author":"Bakker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8868","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-07803-7","article-title":"Field-friendly serological tests for determination of M. leprae-specific antibodies","volume":"7","author":"van Hooij","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1189\/jlb.5RU1215-537RR","article-title":"Leprosy as a model to understand cancer immunosurveillance and T cell anergy","volume":"100","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Leukoc Biol"},{"issue":"7422","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1038\/nature11582","article-title":"Host-microbe interactions have shaped the genetic architecture of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"491","author":"Jostins","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5029","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1126\/science.254.5029.277","article-title":"Defining protective responses to pathogens: cytokine profiles in leprosy lesions","volume":"254","author":"Yamamura","year":"1991","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"6078","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1038\/322462a0","article-title":"Cloned suppressor T cells from a lepromatous leprosy patient suppress Mycobacterium leprae reactive helper T cells","volume":"322","author":"Ottenhoff","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib24","first-page":"95","article-title":"HLA class-II immune response genes and products in leprosy","volume":"36","author":"de Vries","year":"1985","journal-title":"Prog Allergy"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib25","first-page":"89","article-title":"Occasional review--HLA and leprosy: a re-evaluation","volume":"55","author":"van Eden","year":"1984","journal-title":"Lepr Rev"},{"issue":"13","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.02.109","article-title":"Dual RNA-seq of human leprosy lesions identifies bacterial determinants linked to host immune response","volume":"26","author":"Montoya","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2010.03314.x","article-title":"A role for interleukin-5 in promoting increased immunoglobulin M at the site of disease in leprosy","volume":"131","author":"Ochoa","year":"2010","journal-title":"Immunology"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1086\/499278","article-title":"Physical distance, genetic relationship, age, and leprosy classification are independent risk factors for leprosy in contacts of patients with leprosy","volume":"193","author":"Moet","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01220","article-title":"Genomic characterization of Mycobacterium leprae to explore transmission patterns identifies new subtype in Bangladesh","volume":"11","author":"Ti\u00f3-Coma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.01811","article-title":"Household contacts of leprosy patients in endemic areas display a specific innate immunity profile","volume":"11","author":"van Hooij","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"338","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.19.2.338-381.2006","article-title":"The continuing challenges of leprosy","volume":"19","author":"Scollard","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Microbiol Rev"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12966","article-title":"In search of biomarkers for leprosy by unraveling the host immune response to Mycobacterium leprae","volume":"301","author":"van Hooij","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunol Rev"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02920","article-title":"Mycobacterium leprae recombinant antigen induces high expression of multifunction T lymphocytes and is promising as a specific vaccine for leprosy","volume":"9","author":"Bezerra-Santos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00432-07","article-title":"Rational combination of peptides derived from different Mycobacterium leprae proteins improves sensitivity for immunodiagnosis of M. leprae infection","volume":"15","author":"Geluk","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2024.1355983","article-title":"Development and application of the direct mycobacterial growth inhibition assay: a systematic review","volume":"15","author":"Painter","year":"2024","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1837","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI97508","article-title":"Mycobacterial growth inhibition is associated with trained innate immunity","volume":"128","author":"Joosten","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"50","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7221","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.11.038","article-title":"100 years of the Bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccine","volume":"39","author":"Bettencourt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1307","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(22)00283-2","article-title":"Infant BCG vaccination and risk of pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis throughout the life course: a systematic review and individual participant data meta-analysis","volume":"10","author":"Martinez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"37","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta17370","article-title":"Systematic review and meta-analysis of the current evidence on the duration of protection by bacillus Calmette-Gu\u00e9rin vaccination against tuberculosis","volume":"17","author":"Abubakar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1586\/erv.09.161","article-title":"BCG vaccination and leprosy protection: review of current evidence and status of BCG in leprosy control","volume":"9","author":"Merle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Expert Rev Vaccines"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-023-44252-5","article-title":"BCG vaccination-induced acquired control of mycobacterial growth differs from growth control preexisting to BCG vaccination","volume":"15","author":"van Meijgaarden","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.02479","article-title":"Disparate tuberculosis disease development in macaque species is associated with innate immunity","volume":"10","author":"Dijkman","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178","DOI":"10.1101\/gr.6360207","article-title":"Reconstructing the ancestor of Mycobacterium leprae: the dynamics of gene loss and genome reduction","volume":"17","author":"G\u00f3mez-Valero","year":"2007","journal-title":"Genome Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.24727","article-title":"Extensive flow cytometric immunophenotyping of human PBMC incorporating detection of chemokine receptors, cytokines and tetramers","volume":"103","author":"van Wolfswinkel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-13-456","article-title":"The combined effect of chemoprophylaxis with single dose rifampicin and immunoprophylaxis with BCG to prevent leprosy in contacts of newly diagnosed leprosy cases: a cluster randomized controlled trial (MALTALEP study)","volume":"13","author":"Richardus","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"issue":"39","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2016.07.058","article-title":"In vitro mycobacterial growth inhibition assays: a tool for the assessment of protective immunity and evaluation of tuberculosis vaccine efficacy","volume":"34","author":"Tanner","year":"2016","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jim.2019.01.006","article-title":"Optimisation, harmonisation and standardisation of the direct mycobacterial growth inhibition assay using cryopreserved human peripheral blood mononuclear cells","volume":"469","author":"Tanner","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Immunol Methods"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636","DOI":"10.1002\/cyto.a.22625","article-title":"FlowSOM: using self-organizing maps for visualization and interpretation of cytometry data","volume":"87","author":"Van Gassen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cytometry A"},{"issue":"W1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"W147","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkw419","article-title":"Heatmapper: web-enabled heat mapping for all","volume":"44","author":"Babicki","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib50","first-page":"2349","article-title":"Orange: data mining toolbox in Python","volume":"14","author":"Demsar","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Mach Learn Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1038\/s41572-024-00575-1","article-title":"Leprosy","volume":"10","author":"Grijsen","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Dis Primers"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib52","first-page":"541","article-title":"Immune responsiveness to Mycobacterium leprae and other mycobacterial antigens throughout the clinical and histopathological spectrum of leprosy","volume":"14","author":"Myrvang","year":"1973","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1038\/s41421-021-00353-3","article-title":"The immune-suppressive landscape in lepromatous leprosy revealed by single-cell RNA sequencing","volume":"8","author":"Mi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Discov"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.714396","article-title":"Transcriptomic analysis of Mycobacterium leprae-stimulated response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells reveal potential biomarkers for early diagnosis of leprosy","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/jtm\/taae060","article-title":"A case of leprosy in an immunocompromised traveller","volume":"31","author":"Pelser","year":"2024","journal-title":"J Travel Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.08.009","article-title":"Application of new host biomarker profiles in quantitative point-of-care tests facilitates leprosy diagnosis in the field","volume":"47","author":"van Hooij","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"993","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00046-10","article-title":"Enhancing sensitivity of detection of immune responses to Mycobacterium leprae peptides in whole-blood assays","volume":"17","author":"Geluk","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin Vaccine Immunol"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1849","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20070663","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional features of human Th17 cells","volume":"204","author":"Annunziato","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.178.6.3358","article-title":"Cutting edge: chemokine receptor CCR4 is necessary for antigen-driven cutaneous accumulation of CD4 T cells under physiological conditions","volume":"178","author":"Campbell","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20170277","article-title":"CCL22 controls immunity by promoting regulatory T cell communication with dendritic cells in lymph nodes","volume":"216","author":"Rapp","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4149","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.177.6.4149","article-title":"CCR4 participation in Th type 1 (mycobacterial) and Th type 2 (schistosomal) anamnestic pulmonary granulomatous responses","volume":"177","author":"Freeman","year":"2006","journal-title":"J Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1923","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.164.6.1923","article-title":"Molecular localization and polymorphism of HLA class II restriction determinants defined by Mycobacterium leprae-reactive helper T cell clones from leprosy patients","volume":"164","author":"Ottenhoff","year":"1986","journal-title":"J Exp Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib63","first-page":"58","article-title":"Quantitation of HLA-DR expression by cells involved in the skin lesions of tuberculoid and lepromatous leprosy","volume":"61","author":"Collings","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin Exp Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"957","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2018.09.029","article-title":"Meta-analysis identifies major histocompatiblity complex loci in or near HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1, HLA-C as associated with leprosy in Chinese han population","volume":"139","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Invest Dermatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.gene.6363911","article-title":"Segregation of HLA\/TNF region is linked to leprosy clinical spectrum in families displaying mixed leprosy subtypes","volume":"4","author":"Mira","year":"2003","journal-title":"Genes Immun"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0005560","article-title":"Interruption of persistent exposure to leprosy combined or not with recent BCG vaccination enhances the response to Mycobacterium leprae specific antigens","volume":"11","author":"de Carvalho","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002773","article-title":"T-cell regulation in lepromatous leprosy","volume":"8","author":"Bobosha","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2024.110378","article-title":"Phenotypic, transcriptomic, and spatial characterization of CD45RB(+) na\u00efve mature B cells: implications in Sj\u00f6gren's disease","volume":"268","author":"Boudigou","year":"2024","journal-title":"Clin Immunol"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1097\/DAD.0000000000001310","article-title":"Pathogenesis of leprosy: an insight into B lymphocytes and plasma cells","volume":"41","author":"Fabel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Dermatopathol"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humpath.2006.12.017","article-title":"Leprosy-specific B-cells within cellular infiltrates in active leprosy lesions","volume":"38","author":"Iyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum Pathol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2023.156184","article-title":"B lymphocytes deficiency results in altered immune response and increased susceptibility to Mycobacterium leprae in a murine leprosy model","volume":"165","author":"Azevedo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646547","article-title":"The enigmatic function of IgD: some answers at last","volume":"48","author":"Gutzeit","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur J Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2021.763289","article-title":"Detection and monitoring of Mycobacterium leprae infection in nine banded armadillos (Dasypus novemcinctus) using a quantitative rapid test","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Microbiol"}],"container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396425002993?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396425002993?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T16:19:22Z","timestamp":1762618762000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352396425002993"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"references-count":73,"alternative-id":["S2352396425002993"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-3964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Integrative immune analysis in patients with leprosy reveals host factors associated with mycobacterial control","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eBioMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105855","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105855"}}