{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,3]],"date-time":"2026-11-03T19:54:50Z","timestamp":1793735690754,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Elsevier BV","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/tdm\/userlicense\/1.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,1]],"date-time":"2025-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1759276800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/www.elsevier.com\/legal\/tdmrep-license"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,29]],"date-time":"2025-08-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1756425600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["thelancet.com","elsevier.com","sciencedirect.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,9,17]],"date-time":"2025-09-17T01:40:42Z","timestamp":1758073242000},"page":"105927","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/elsevier_cm_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"special_numbering":"C","title":["Iron\u2014sepsis associations in population health revealed by epidemiology"],"prefix":"10.1016","volume":"120","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7625-2664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Randi Marie","family":"Mohus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2709-3991","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lise T.","family":"Gustad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4268-671X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan Kristian","family":"Dam\u00e5s","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8503-6103","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hal","family":"Drakesmith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"78","reference":[{"issue":"10219","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)32989-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national sepsis incidence and mortality, 1990-2017: analysis for the global burden of Disease Study","volume":"395","author":"Rudd","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-071846","article-title":"Long-term temporal trends in incidence rate and case fatality of sepsis and COVID-19-related sepsis in Norwegian hospitals, 2008-2021: a nationwide registry study","volume":"13","author":"Skei","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1080\/21505594.2016.1152440","article-title":"Bloodstream infections: the peak of the iceberg","volume":"7","author":"Viscoli","year":"2016","journal-title":"Virulence"},{"issue":"Si-1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3301","DOI":"10.3906\/sag-2108-239","article-title":"COVID-19 and sepsis","volume":"51","author":"Ko\u00e7ak Tufan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Turk J Med Sci"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2022.104363","article-title":"Immunopathophysiology of human sepsis","volume":"86","author":"Wiersinga","year":"2022","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib6","series-title":"Assessing the iron status of populations: including literature reviews","year":"2007"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e713","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(23)00160-6","article-title":"Prevalence, years lived with disability, and trends in anaemia burden by severity and cause, 1990-2021: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021","volume":"10","author":"Gardner","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-022-00771-3","article-title":"Global burden and inequality of iron deficiency: findings from the global Burden of Disease datasets 1990\u20132017","volume":"21","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr J"},{"issue":"10159","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1789","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990-2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017","volume":"392","author":"James","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1007\/s00134-018-5320-8","article-title":"Association of iron status with the risk of bloodstream infections: results from the prospective population-based HUNT Study in Norway","volume":"44","author":"Mohus","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2023022235","article-title":"Iron, hemochromatosis genotypes, and risk of infections: a cohort study of 142?188 general population individuals","volume":"144","author":"Mottelson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-20679-6","article-title":"Iron status and the risk of sepsis and severe COVID-19: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study","volume":"12","author":"Mohus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.747547","article-title":"Causal effects of genetically predicted iron status on sepsis: a two-sample bidirectional mendelian randomization study","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Nutr"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2867","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-29641-6","article-title":"An observational and Mendelian randomisation study on iron status and sepsis","volume":"13","author":"Hamilton","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib15","article-title":"Liver iron overload drives COVID-19 mortality: a two-sample mendelian randomization study","author":"Tian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biol Trace Elem Res"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-024-01754-8","article-title":"Iron dysregulation and inflammatory stress erythropoiesis associates with long-term outcome of COVID-19","volume":"25","author":"Hanson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"16","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14163406","article-title":"The associations of iron related biomarkers with risk, clinical severity and mortality in SARS-CoV-2 patients: a meta-analysis","volume":"14","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib18","article-title":"The U-shaped association of serum iron level with disease severity in adult hospitalized patients with COVID-19","volume":"11","author":"Tojo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2020.11.033","article-title":"Association between iron status and the risk of adverse outcomes in COVID-19","volume":"40","author":"Lv","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Nutr"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1186\/s40560-020-00495-8","article-title":"Linkage of alterations in systemic iron homeostasis to patients' outcome in sepsis: a prospective study","volume":"8","author":"Brandtner","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Intensive Care"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-020-03051-w","article-title":"Systemic hypoferremia and severity of hypoxemic respiratory failure in COVID-19","volume":"24","author":"Shah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"8","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2429","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9082429","article-title":"Prevalence and predictive value of anemia and dysregulated iron homeostasis in patients with COVID-19 infection","volume":"9","author":"Bellmann-Weiler","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5551","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S419993","article-title":"The emerging role of ferroptosis in sepsis, opportunity or challenge?","volume":"16","author":"Huang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.18829.1","article-title":"Severe anaemia, iron deficiency, and susceptibility to invasive bacterial infections","volume":"8","author":"Abuga","year":"2023","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-020-01546-2","article-title":"Persisting alterations of iron homeostasis in COVID-19 are associated with non-resolving lung pathologies and poor patients' performance: a prospective observational cohort study","volume":"21","author":"Sonnweber","year":"2020","journal-title":"Respir Res"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2024025259","article-title":"The iron curve: infection at both ends","volume":"144","author":"Drakesmith","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0000000000001936","article-title":"Necroptosis, pyroptosis, ferroptosis in sepsis and treatment","volume":"57","author":"Qu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Shock"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ph11030084","article-title":"Modulation of iron metabolism in response to infection: twists for all tastes","volume":"11","author":"Gomes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.01.025","article-title":"Iron homeostasis and disorders revisited in the sepsis","volume":"165","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic Biol Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-023-00648-1","article-title":"Mechanisms controlling cellular and systemic iron homeostasis","volume":"25","author":"Galy","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2020.100864","article-title":"Iron in infection and immunity","volume":"75","author":"Nairz","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1621","article-title":"Ferritin, cellular iron storage and regulation","volume":"69","author":"Arosio","year":"2017","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jtemb.2018.03.007","article-title":"Iron and innate antimicrobial immunity-Depriving the pathogen, defending the host","volume":"48","author":"Nairz","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Trace Elem Med Biol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2023.102777","article-title":"Hypoferremia of inflammation: innate host defense against infections","volume":"104","author":"Ganz","year":"2024","journal-title":"Blood Cell Mol Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-06-856500","article-title":"Anemia of inflammation","volume":"133","author":"Weiss","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"6108","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1224577","article-title":"Hepcidin and the iron-infection axis","volume":"338","author":"Drakesmith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103568","article-title":"Baseline iron status and presence of anaemia determine the course of systemic Salmonella infection following oral iron supplementation in mice","volume":"71","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2021","journal-title":"eBioMedicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/immadv\/ltab007","article-title":"Adaptive immunity and vaccination \u2013 iron in the spotlight","volume":"1","author":"Preston","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immunother Adv"},{"issue":"40","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abq5384","article-title":"Plasma iron controls neutrophil production and function","volume":"8","author":"Frost","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"issue":"7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.thj.6200574","article-title":"The effect of iron deficiency anemia on the function of the immune system","volume":"5","author":"Ekiz","year":"2005","journal-title":"Hematol J"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-025-01193-y","article-title":"Iron and the immune system","author":"Frost","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nat Rev Immunol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.816282","article-title":"Iron metabolism and immune regulation","volume":"13","author":"Ni","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1807","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciy791","article-title":"Iron status and associated malaria risk among African children","volume":"68","author":"Muriuki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.1086\/589512","article-title":"Decreased susceptibility to Plasmodium falciparum infection in pregnant women with iron deficiency","volume":"198","author":"Kabyemela","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2007.04.007","article-title":"Association of hemochromatosis with infectious diseases: expanding spectrum","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S529","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz825","article-title":"The role of iron and siderophores in infection, and the development of siderophore antibiotics","volume":"69","author":"Page","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1007\/s10534-022-00480-8","article-title":"Iron acquisition strategies in pseudomonads: mechanisms, ecology, and evolution","volume":"36","author":"K\u00fcmmerli","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biometals"},{"issue":"6215","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1362","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1259329","article-title":"Escape from bacterial iron piracy through rapid evolution of transferrin","volume":"346","author":"Barber","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"9505","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(06)67962-2","article-title":"Effects of routine prophylactic supplementation with iron and folic acid on admission to hospital and mortality in preschool children in a high malaria transmission setting: community-based, randomised, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"367","author":"Sazawal","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"11","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2133935","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.33935","article-title":"Risk of infection associated with administration of intravenous iron: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"4","author":"Shah","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1177\/2050640619874524","article-title":"Risk of bacteremia in hospitalised patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a 9-year cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Goren","year":"2020","journal-title":"United Europen Gastroenterol J"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"878","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.14593","article-title":"Anaemia, iron deficiency and susceptibility to infection in children in Sub-Saharan Africa, guideline dilemmas","volume":"177","author":"Jonker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.aav9020","article-title":"Respiratory infections drive hepcidin-mediated blockade of iron absorption leading to iron deficiency anemia in African children","volume":"5","author":"Prentice","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib54","series-title":"WHO guideline on use of ferritin concentrations to assess iron status in individuals and populations","year":"2020"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2433126","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2024.33126","article-title":"Absolute and functional iron deficiency in the US, 2017-2020","volume":"7","author":"Tawfik","year":"2024","journal-title":"JAMA Netw Open"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib56","first-page":"9","article-title":"Serum ferritin\/C-reactive protein ratio is a simple and effective biomarker for diagnosing iron deficiency in the context of systemic inflammation","volume":"117","author":"Urbanski","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1186\/s13054-019-2373-1","article-title":"Iron metabolism: an emerging therapeutic target in critical illness","volume":"23","author":"Litton","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit Care"},{"issue":"23","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2255","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2026131","article-title":"Cytokine storm","volume":"383","author":"Fajgenbaum","year":"2020","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1049","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000001607","article-title":"Iron parameters determine the prognosis of critically ill patients","volume":"44","author":"Tacke","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit Care Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-29353-2","article-title":"High serum iron level is associated with increased mortality in patients with sepsis","volume":"8","author":"Lan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"6","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1097\/HS9.0000000000000492","article-title":"Hypoferremia predicts hospitalization and oxygen demand in COVID-19 patients","volume":"4","author":"Hippchen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hemasphere"},{"issue":"12","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2482","DOI":"10.3390\/v13122482","article-title":"Iron related biomarkers predict disease severity in a cohort of Portuguese adult patients during COVID-19 acute infection","volume":"13","author":"Moreira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Viruses"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.15067","article-title":"Serum hepcidin potentially identifies iron deficiency in survivors of critical illness at the time of hospital discharge","volume":"184","author":"Shah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br J Haematol"},{"issue":"10100","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1211","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)32154-2","article-title":"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990-2016: a systematic analysis for the global Burden of Disease Study 2016","volume":"390","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib65","series-title":"Modern epidemiology","author":"Lash","year":"2021"},{"issue":"10","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1253","DOI":"10.1007\/s10096-013-1877-x","article-title":"Iron deficiency and susceptibility to infections: evaluation of the clinical evidence","volume":"32","author":"Tansarli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"864","DOI":"10.1007\/s12603-022-1836-2","article-title":"Iron deficiency and incident infections among community-dwelling adults age 70 years and older: results from the DO-HEALTH Study","volume":"26","author":"Lanz","year":"2022","journal-title":"J Nutr Health Aging"},{"issue":"2","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1111\/trf.18105","article-title":"Iron deficiency and infection risk in Danish blood donors","volume":"65","author":"Br\u00f8ns","year":"2025","journal-title":"Transfusion"},{"issue":"D1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D1243","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkae974","article-title":"The UCSC genome browser database: 2025 update","volume":"53","author":"Perez","year":"2025","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"156","DOI":"10.1038\/s42003-020-01575-z","article-title":"A genome-wide meta-analysis yields 46 new loci associating with biomarkers of iron homeostasis","volume":"4","author":"Bell","year":"2021","journal-title":"Commun Biol"},{"issue":"20","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3018","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2021011338","article-title":"Hemochromatosis classification: update and recommendations by the BIOIRON Society","volume":"139","author":"Girelli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.15555.1","article-title":"Guidelines for performing Mendelian randomization investigations: update for summer 2023","volume":"4","author":"Burgess","year":"2019","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1038\/s43586-021-00092-5","article-title":"Mendelian randomization","volume":"2","author":"Sanderson","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat Rev Methods Primers"},{"issue":"1","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwy204","article-title":"Interpretation and potential biases of Mendelian randomization estimates with time-varying exposures","volume":"188","author":"Labrecque","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1163","DOI":"10.1093\/ije\/dyad010","article-title":"Increasing serum iron levels and their role in the risk of infectious diseases: a Mendelian randomization approach","volume":"52","author":"Butler-Laporte","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4926","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms5926","article-title":"Novel loci affecting iron homeostasis and their effects in individuals at risk for hemochromatosis","volume":"5","author":"Benyamin","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"5","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/s10654-024-01113-9","article-title":"Non-linear Mendelian randomization: detection of biases using negative controls with a focus on BMI, vitamin D and LDL cholesterol","volume":"39","author":"Hamilton","year":"2024","journal-title":"Eur J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"3","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-03-772715","article-title":"Endogenous hepcidin and its agonist mediate resistance to selected infections by clearing non-transferrin-bound iron","volume":"130","author":"Stefanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"issue":"10270","key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32594-0","article-title":"Iron deficiency","volume":"397","author":"Pasricha","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927_bib80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4073","DOI":"10.2147\/JIR.S420676","article-title":"The emerging roles of ferroptosis in pathophysiology and treatment of acute lung injury","volume":"16","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J Inflamm Res"}],"container-title":["eBioMedicine"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396425003718?httpAccept=text\/xml","content-type":"text\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/api.elsevier.com\/content\/article\/PII:S2352396425003718?httpAccept=text\/plain","content-type":"text\/plain","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,9]],"date-time":"2025-10-09T08:41:37Z","timestamp":1759999297000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/linkinghub.elsevier.com\/retrieve\/pii\/S2352396425003718"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"references-count":80,"alternative-id":["S2352396425003718"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927","relation":{},"ISSN":["2352-3964"],"issn-type":[{"value":"2352-3964","type":"print"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"Elsevier","name":"publisher","label":"This article is maintained by"},{"value":"Iron\u2014sepsis associations in population health revealed by epidemiology","name":"articletitle","label":"Article Title"},{"value":"eBioMedicine","name":"journaltitle","label":"Journal Title"},{"value":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ebiom.2025.105927","name":"articlelink","label":"CrossRef DOI link to publisher maintained version"},{"value":"article","name":"content_type","label":"Content Type"},{"value":"\u00a9 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V.","name":"copyright","label":"Copyright"}],"article-number":"105927"}}